This paper describes the evolution of responses to drug related problems in Wales, from the first National Health Service in-patient admissions in the late 1960's until the publication of Forward Together, the Welsh Office strategy for drug and alcohol problems, in May 1996. Service developments are placed in the context of the available data about the nature and extent of drug use across Wales, the particular challenges faced, and the strategies adopted in Britain, in Wales, and at the local level.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AbelP.McBrideA. J.1991Drug and alcohol users: Common needs, common services. Druglink November/December, 6–7.
2.
Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs1982Report on Treatment and Rehabilitation. London:Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
3.
BlakeyV.FranklandJ.1994HIV Prevention for Women Prostitutes and Their Clients. Cardiff: Health Promotion Wales Briefing report no. 5.
4.
BlankM.NellesW.1993Educating and Training GPs in the Management and Treatment of Drug UsersInternational Journal Of Drug Policy4(1):49–54.
5.
CantwellB.McBrideA.J., Self detoxification from amphetamines. Addiction Research, in press.
6.
CleeW.B.HunterP. R.1987Hepatitis B in general practice: Epidemiology, clinical and serological features and control. British Medical Journal295: 530–532.
7.
ColesP.PatesR.1993More than just a number. Druglink8(4):16–17.
8.
DaviesG.T.PatesR.1995Drug Education, A Handbook for Teachers and Youth Workers. Cardiff Community Health Care, Health Promotion Unit.
9.
HartnollR.DaviaudE.LewisR.MitchesonM.1985Drug Problems: Assessing local needs. London:Birkbeck College drugs indicators project.
10.
Health Advisory Service1996The Substance of Advice: A review of the work of the Drug Advisory Service in England and Wales 1986 – 1993. London:Health Advisory Service.
11.
Institute for the Study of Drug Dependence1993National audit of drug misuse in Britain 1992. London:The Institute for the Study of Drug Dependence.
12.
KeeneJ.1994Health promotion in the community pharmacy. Pharmaceutical Pharmacy252:408–409.
13.
KeeneJ.StimsonG.V.1992Rural HIV prevention. Druglink7:8–9.
14.
KesselD.McBrideA.J.1991Rural drug and alcohol services: Current strategies. Mid Glamorgan Health Authority, Mid Glamorgan drug advisory committee.
15.
KleeH.1992A new target for behavioural research - amphetamine misuse. British Journal of Addiction87:439–446.
16.
KlingemannH.K.H.1996Drug treatment in Switzerland: Harm reduction, decentralisation and community response. Addiction91(5)723–736.
17.
KorkiaP.K.StimsonG.V.1993Anabolic Steroid Use in Great Britain: An Exploratory Investigation. London:Centre for Research on Drugs and Health Behaviour.
18.
McBrideA.J.1995Cannabis use in a drug and alcohol clinic population. Drug and Alcohol Dependence39:29–32.
19.
McBrideA.J.AliI.AtkinsonR.1994Supervised administration of methadone by pharmacists. British Medical Journal309, 1234.
20.
McBrideA.J.AliI.CleeW.B.1994Hepatitis C and injecting drug use in prisons. British Medical Journal309:876.
21.
McBrideA.J.BissonJ. I.1995Benzodiazepine dependence: The impact of a community drug team initiative on four general practices. Paper presented to the Addiction Forum Durham Meeting September.
22.
McBrideA.J.CleeW.B.1994Ignorance no response to hepatitis C. Druglink9(2)19.
23.
McBrideA.J.CleeW.B.1995HIV control success - or is it just that there was nothing to be controlled?Druglink10(5):21.
24.
McBrideA.J.Meredith-SmithP.DaviesM.E.1993Helping injecting drug users - a role for community pharmacists 1990/91 and future services. The Pharmaceutical Journal April: 708–709.
25.
McBrideA.J.SullivanG.BlewettA.MorganS. n.d. Amphetamine problems and prescribing: Attraction, retention and change: A preliminary investigation. Addiction Research, in press.
26.
McBrideA.J.ThomasH.1995Psychosis is also common in users of “normal” cannabis. British Medical Journal311:875.
27.
McBrideA.J.WilliamsonK.PetersonT.1996Three cases of Nalbuphine hydrochloride dependence associated with anabolic steroid use. British Journal of Sports Medicine30:69–70.
28.
Mid Glamorgan Social Crime Prevention Unit n.d. Crime, alcohol, drugs and leisure a survey of 13,437 young people at school in Mid Glamorgan: A Mid Glamorgan multiagency and multidisciplinary partnership project. Mid Glamorgan Social Crime Prevention Unit.
29.
MillerP.M.PlantM.1996Drinking, smoking, and illicit drug use among 15 and 16 year olds in the United Kingdom. British Medical Journal313:394–397.
30.
ParrotA.ChoiP.Davies1993Anabolic Steroid use by amateur athletes: Effects upon psychological mood states. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness December 20.
31.
PatesR.1994aSpeed on prescriptionDruglink9(3):16–17.
32.
PatesR.1995The Effects of Policy on Harm Reduction: Whose Problem?The International Journal of Drug Policy6(1):39–45.
33.
PatesR.BarryC.1996Steroid use in Cardiff: A problem for whom? Paper given at the 7th International Conference on the Reduction of Drug Related Harm, Hobart, Tasmania, March.
34.
PatesR.BlakeyV.FranklandJ.ColesJ.1995Drug use among Cardiff sex workers, Paper presented at the 6th International Conference on the Reduction of Drug Related Harm, Florence, Italy, March.
35.
PatesR.CoombesN.FordN.1996A pilot programme in prescribing dexamphetamine for amphetamine users. Journal of Substance Misuse1:80–84.
36.
PatesR.HandyC.1995The use of drugs in Cardiff clubs, Paper presented at the 6th International Conference on Drug Related Harm, Florence, Italy, March.
37.
PatesR.MitchellA.1996Amphetamine use (part II). Journal of Substance Misuse1:165–173.
38.
PerryH.M.WrightD.LittlepageB. N.1992Dying to be big: A review of anabolic steroid use, British Journal of Sports Medicine26, 259–261.
39.
PetersonT.AngulattaL.1993Steroids: The Mid Glamorgan Harm Reduction booklet. Mid Glamorgan Health Authority.
40.
Public Health Laboratory Service1996PHLS AIDS Centre, Communicable Diseases Surveillance Centre, and Scottish Centre for Infection and Environmental Health. Unpublished quarterly surveillance tables No. 32, 1996, table 8.
41.
PittsJ.E.O'NeillP.J.LeggoK.P.1990Variation in the THC content of illicitly imported cannabis products: 1984–89. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology42:817–820.
42.
Research and Statistics Department1995Home Office Statistical Bulletin, 24/95. London:Home Office.
43.
RobertsC.MooreL.BlakeyV.PlayleR.Tudor-SmithC., 1994Drug Use Among 15-16 Year Olds in Wales, 1990–1994. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy2(3):305–316.
44.
RobertsG.1990Lifestyle and Drugs SurveyGwynedd Health Authority.
45.
StimsonG.V.AlldrittL.J.DolanK.A.DonoghoeM.C.LartR.A.1988Injecting Equipment Exchange Schemes: Final Report. University of London, Goldsmiths' College.
46.
StimsonG.V.KeeneJ.Parry-LangdonN.1990Evaluation of the Syringe Exchange Programme in Wales: Interim Report to Welsh Office. London.:The Centre for Research on Drugs and Health Behaviour.
47.
SullivanG.McBrideA.J.CleeW.B.1995Zopiclone abuse in south Wales: Three case reports. Human Psychopharmacology10:351–352.
48.
ThomasH. n.d. The identification of cannabis abusers among users of the drug referred to a Community Drug Team. Cardiff: University of Wales College, MSc thesis.
49.
University of Manchester Drug Research Unit1992Annual Report 1991. North Western Regional Health Authority.
50.
Unlinked Anonymous HIV Surveys Steering Group1995Unlinked anonymous HIV seroprevalence monitoring programme: England and Wales. Data to the end of 1994. London:Department of Health and Public Health Laboratory Service.
51.
Welsh Committee on Drug Misuse1991Report on Benzodiazepines. Cardiff:Welsh Office.
52.
Welsh Committee on Drug Misuse1989Report on monitoring and evaluationCardiff:Welsh Office.
53.
Welsh Committee on Drug Misuse1992The Use of Anabolic Steroids in Wales. Cardiff:Welsh Office.
54.
WilliamsonK.1994Creutzfeldt- Jakob disease: Another avenue?British Journal of Hospital Medicine51:7–8.
55.
WilliamsonK.DaviesM.McBrideA.J.1992A well steroid user clinic. Druglink7(5): 15.