A survey of 2,056 12- to 14-year-olds from 10 southeastern U.S. cities showed that Blacks and girls spent more time with television and radio than Whites and boys did; television use declined with age, whereas radio use increased. Access to cable television and videocassette recorders was not related to frequency of television or radio use. Lack of access to parents, either because the mother was employed or because no father was in the home, generally increased the time that adolescents spent with radio and television.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Alexander, A.
, Wartella E., & Brown, D. (1981). Estimates of children's television viewing by mother and child. Journal of Broadcasting, 25(3), 243-251.
2.
Bogart, L.
(1972). The age of television (3rd ed.). New York: Frederick Ungar.
3.
Bower, R. T.
(1973). Television and the public. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Brown, J. D.
, Campbell, K., & Fisher, L. (1986). American adolescents and music videos: Why do they watch?Gazette, 37, 19-32.
6.
Brown, B. B.
, Eicher, S. A., & Petrie, S. (1986). The importance of peer group (“crowd”) affiliation in adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 9, 73-96.
7.
Chaffee, S. H.
, McLeod, J. M., & Atkin, C. K. (1971). Parental influences on adolescent media use. American Behavioral Scientist, 14, 323-340.
8.
Christenson, P. G.
, & DeBenedittis, P. (1986), `Eavesdropping' on the FM band: Children's use of radio. Journal of Communication, 36(2), 27-38.
9.
Christenson, P. G.
, DeBenedittis, P., & Lindlof, T. R. (1985). Children's use of audio media. Communication Research, 12(3), 327-343.
10.
Comstock, G.
, Chaffee, S., Katzman, N., McCombs, M., & Roberts, D. (1978). Television and human behavior. New York: Columbia University Press.
11.
Comstock, G.
, & Cobbey, R. E. (1982). Television and the children of ethnic minorities: Perspectives from research. In G. Berry & C. Mitchell-Kernan (Eds.), Television and the Socialization of the minority child. New York: Academic Press.
12.
Csikszentmihalyi, M.
, & Larson, R. (1984). Being adolescent: Conflict and growth in the teenage years. New York: Basic Books.
13.
Csikszentmihalyi, M.
, Larson, R., & Prescott, S. (1977). The ecology of adolescent activity and experience. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 6(3), 281-294.
14.
Fletcher, A. D.
(1969). Negro and white children's television program preferences. Journal of Broadcasting, 13(4), 359-366.
15.
Gerson, W. M.
(1966). Mass media socialization behavior: Negro-white differences. Social Forces, 45, 40-50.
16.
Greenberg, B.
, & Dervin, B. (1970). Use of the mass media by the urban poor. New York: Praeger.
17.
Greenberg, B. S.
, & Heeter, C. (1987). VCRs and young people: The picture at 39% penetration. American Behavioral Scientist, 30(5), 509-521.
18.
Greenberg, B. S.
, Stanley, C., Siemicki, M., Heeter, C., Soderman, A., & Linsangan, R. (1986). Sex content on soaps and primetime television series most viewed by adolescents (Report No. 2 to the Office of Adolescent Pregnancy Programs, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). East Lansing: Michigan State University, Department of Telecommunications.
19.
Greenberg, B. S.
, Linsangan, R., Soderman, A., Heeter, C., Lin, C., & Stanley, C. (1987). Adolescents and their exposure to television and movie sex (Report No. 4 to the Office of Adolescent Pregnancy Programs, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. East Lansing: Michigan State University, Department of Telecommunications.
20.
Izzillo, T.
, & Wolf, J. L. (1986). Banking on a windfall. Channels of Communications 1986 Field Guide to the Electronic Entertainment, 74(5), 36-38.
21.
Lachenbruch, D.
(1986). VCRs: From gizmo to household word. Channels of Communications 1986 Field Guide to the Electronic Entertainment, 74(5), 75-75.
22.
Larson, R.
, & Kubey, R. (1983). Television and music: Contrasting media in adolescent life. Youth & Society, 15(1), 13-31.
23.
Levy, M.
(1980). Program playback preferences in VCR households. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 24, 327-336.
24.
Levy, M.
(1983). The time-shifting use of home video recorders. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 27, 263-268.
25.
Lull, J.
(1985). The naturalistic study of media use and youth culture. In K. E. Rosengren, L. A. Wenner, & P. Palmgreen (Eds.), Media gratifications research: Current perspectives (pp. 209-224). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
26.
Lyle, J.
, & Hoffman. H. R. (1972). Children's use of television and other media. In E. A. Rubinstein, G. A. Comstock, & J. P. Murray (Eds.), Television and social behavior (Vol. 4, pp. 129-256). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
27.
McLeod, J.
, & Brown, J. D. (1976). The family environment and adolescent TV use. In R. Brown (Ed.), Children and television (pp. 199-233). London: Collier Macmillan.
28.
Medrich, E. A.
, Roizen, J., Rubin, V., & Buckley, S. (1982). The serious business of growing up. Berkeley: University of California Press.
29.
Nielsen Television Index.
(1981). Child and teenage television viewing (Special release). New York: Author.
30.
Parsons, T.
, & Bales, R. F. (1955). Family, socialization and interaction process. New York: Free Press.
31.
Probing VCR-pay cable compatibility. (1985, February 18). Broadcasting, p. 69.
32.
Radio Advertising Bureau.
(1982). Summary of national radio listening habits (RAB Research Report). New York: Author.
33.
Roe, K.
(1987a). Adolescents' video use. American Behavioral Scientist, 30(5), 522-532.
34.
Roe, K.
(1987b, May 21-25). Adolescents' VCR use: How and why. Paper presented at the 37th Annual Conference of the International Communication Association, Montreal, Canada.
35.
Roe, K.
(1987c). The school and music in adolescent socialization. In J. Lull (Ed.), Popular music and communication (pp. 212-230). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
36.
Roe, K.
(1989). School achievement, self-esteem and adolescents' video use. In M. R. Levy (Ed.), The VCR age: Home video and mass communication. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
37.
Schramm, W.
, Lyle, J., & Parker, E. B. (1961). Television in the lives of our children. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
38.
Select Committee on Children, Youth, and Families of the U.S. House of Representatives.
(1987). U.S. children and their families: Current conditions and recent trends (SuDoc No. Y1.1/8:100-259). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
39.
Smollar, J.
, & Youniss, J. (1985). Parent-adolescent relations in adolescents whose parents are divorced. Journal of Early Adolescence, 5(1), 129-144.
40.
Surlin, S. H.
, & Dominick, J. R. (1970-1971). Television's function as a “third parent” for black and white teenagers. Journal of Broadcasting, 15(1), 55-64.
41.
U.S. Bureau of the Census.
(1986). Current Population Report. Household and family characteristics: March 1985 (Series P-20, No. 411, SuDoc No. C3.186/17:985). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.