The paper analyses South Korean development, which has been hailed as a `miracle' by many scholars. It identifies four factors as necessary to South Korea's economic growth: cheap labour, land reform, the developmentalist state, and the international political economy. The paper questions the facile celebration of the `miracle', and stresses some of the costs of South Korean development.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
ALAM, M.S. 1989. Governments and Markets in Economic Development Strategies: Lessons from Korea, Taiwan, and Japan.New York: Praeger.
2.
Amnesty International. 1986. South Korea: Violations of Human Rights.Washington, D.C.: Amnesty International.
3.
AMSDEN, A.H. 1989. Asia's Next Giant.New York: Oxford University Press.
4.
Asia Labour Monitor. 1988. Min-Ju No-Jo: South Korea's New Unions.Hong Kong: AMRC.
5.
BELLAH, R. 1964. The Tokugawa Religion.Glencoe: Free Press.
6.
BLUMENTHAL, T. and LEE, C.H.1985. `Development Strategies of Japan and the Republic of Korea: A Comparative Study'.Developing Economies23: 221-235.
7.
BOGNANNO, M.F. 1988. `Korea's Industrial Relations at the Turning Point'.Working Paper.Seoul: Korea Development Institute.
8.
BRANDT, V.S.R. 1987. `Korea', in Lodge, G.C. (ed.), Ideology and National Competitiveness.Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
9.
BROWN, G.T. 1973. Korean Pricing Policies and Economic Development in the 1960s.Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
10.
CHO, S.K.1985. `The Labor Process and Capital Mobility: The Limits of the New International Division of Labor'.Politics and Society14: 185-222.
11.
CHOI, J.J. 1989. Labor and the Authoritarian State: Labor Unions in South Korean Manufacturing Industries.Seoul: Korea University Press.
12.
CHONG, T.I. 1985. Tosi pinmin yôngu.Seoul: Ach'im.
13.
COTTON, J.1992. `Understanding the State in South Korea: Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism or State Autonomy Theory'.Comparative Political Studies24: 512-531.
14.
CUMINGS, B. 1979. The Origins of the Korean War, Vol.1. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
15.
CUMINGS, B. 1987. `The Origins and Development of the Northeast Asian Political Economy: Industrial Sectors, Product Cycles, and Political Consequences', in Deyo, F.C. (ed.), The Political Economy of the New Asian Industrialism.Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
16.
DEYO, F.C. 1989. Beneath the Miracle.Berkeley: University of California Press.
17.
Economic Planning Board. 1989. Major Statistics of Korean Economy 1989.Seoul: Economic Planning Board.
18.
ENLOE, C. 1989. Benanas, Beaches & Bases.Berkeley: University of California Press.
19.
EVANS, P. 1979. Dependent Development.Princeton: Princeton University Press.
20.
HAMILTON, C. 1986. Capitalist Industrialization in Korea.Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
21.
HATTORI, T. 1984. `Kôdo seichôki ni okeru sangyô erîto', in Ito, T. (ed.), Hatten tojôkoku no bijinesu rîdâshippu.Tokyo: Ajia Keizai Kenkyûsho.
22.
HATTORI, T. ed. 1988. Kankoku no kôgyôka: hatten no kôzu.Tokyo: Ajia Keizai Kenkyûsho.
23.
HENDERSON, G. 1968. Korea: Politics of the Vortex.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
24.
International Labour Office. 1988. Yearbook of Labour Statistics.48th edn.Geneva: ILO.
KENNEDY, G.F.1977. `The Korean Kye: Maintaining Human Scale in a Modernizing Form'.Korean Studies1: 197-222.
27.
KIM, C.N. , KAJIWARA, H. and WATANABE, T.1984. `Consideration of the Compressed Process of Agricultural Development in the Republic of Korea'.Developing Economies22: 113-136.
28.
KIM, E. 1987. `Sex Tourism in Asia: A Reflection of Political and Economic Inequality', in Yu, Eui-Young and Phillips, E.H. (eds.), Korean Women in Transition: At Home and Abroad.Los Angeles: Center for Korean-American and Korean Studies.
29.
KIM, E.M.1988. `From Dominance to Symbiosis: State and Chaebol in Korea'.Pacific Focus3: 105-121.
30.
KIM, J.A. 1975. Divided Korea.Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
31.
KIM, J.H. 1989. `Korea's Industrial Policies for Declining Industries'.Working Paper.Korea Development Institute. Seoul: Korea Development Institute.
32.
KIM, K.S. and ROEMER, M. 1979. Growth and Structural Transformation.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
33.
KIM, N.C. 1982. Hanguk nodong undongsa, Vol.2. Seoul: Ch'ôngsa.
34.
KIM, Y.H. 1988. Higashi ajia kôgyôka to sekai shihonshugi.Tokyo: Tôyô Keizai Shinpôsha.
35.
KIM, Y.S. 1989. Hanguk sahoe sônggyôk kwa tosi pinmin.Seoul: Ach'im.
36.
KOO, H.1990. `From Farm to Factory: Proletarianization in Korea'.American Sociological Review55: 669-681.
37.
KURIAN, G.T. ed. 1987. Encyclopedia of the Third World.3rd edn.New York: Facts on File.
38.
KUZNETS, P. 1977. Economic Growth and Structure in the Republic of Korea.New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
39.
LAUNIUS, M.A.1984. `The State and Industrial Labor in South Korea'.Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars16: 2-11.
40.
LEE, C.H. and YAMAZAWA, I. eds. 1990. The Economic Development of Japan and Korea: A Parallel with Lessons.New York: Praeger.
41.
LEE, E.H. and YIM, Y.S. 1980. Politics of Military Civic Action: The Case of South Korean and South Vietnamese Forces in the Vietnam War.Hong Kong: Asian Research Service.
42.
LIE, J. 1988. Korean Management: An Introductory Investigation.Seoul: SRI.
43.
LIE, J.1991a. `The Prospect for Economic Democracy in South Korea'.Economic and Industrial Democracy12: 501-513.
44.
LIE, J.1991b. `Rethinking the “Miracle” - Economic Growth and Political Struggles in South Korea'.Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars22: 64-69.
45.
LIE, J.1991c. `Democratization and Its Discontents: Origins of the Present Crisis in South Korea'.Monthly Review42: 38-52.
46.
LIE, J.1991d. `The State, Industrialization, and Agricultural Sufficiency: The Case of South Korea'.Development Policy Review9: 37-51.
47.
LIE, J. 1991e. `From Kisaeng to Maech'un: The Transformation of Sexual Work in Twentieth-Century Korea'. Paper presented at the American Sociological Association Meeting, Cincinnati, Ohio.
48.
LIM, Y. 1981. Government Policy and Private Enterprise: Korean Experience in Industrialization.Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies.
49.
LUEDDE-NEURATH, R. 1986. Import Controls and Export-Oriented Development: A Reassessment of the South Korean Case.Boulder, CO: Westview.
50.
MARX, K.H. 1976. Capital, Vol.1. New York: Vintage.
51.
MASON, E.S.et al. 1980. The Economic and Social Modernization of the Republic of Korea.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
52.
MOORE, B. Jr. 1966. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy.Boston: Beacon Press.
OH, T.-W. and LIE,J. 1988. `U.S. Protectionism and its Consequences for South Korea', in Koh, B.W.et al. (eds.), Korean Economy in Transition.Seoul: SRI.
55.
PAK, I.1990. `Kankoku no kôgyôka to shihai sansha taisei'.Keizai hyôron39: 38-59.
56.
PARK, Y.-K. 1979. Labor and Industrial Relations in Korea.Seoul: Sogang University Press.
57.
SAKURAI, H. 1975. Kankoku nôchi kaikaku no saikentô.Tokyo: Ajia Keizai Kenkyûsho.
58.
SIVARD, R.L. ed. 1989. World Military and Social Expenditures.13th edn.Washington: World Priorities.
59.
SOHN, H.-K. 1989. Authoritarianism and Opposition in South Korea.London: Routledge.
60.
SONG, B.N. 1990. The Rise of the Korean Economy.Oxford: Oxford University Press.
61.
SPENCER, R.F. 1988. Yogong.Seoul: Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch.
62.
TAKIZAWA, H. 1988. `Kankoku no toshika: 1975 nen - 1985 nen', in Takizawa, H. (ed.), Kankoku shakai no tenkan.Tokyo: Ochanomizu Shobô.
63.
VOGEL, E.F. 1991. The Four Little Dragons: The Spread of Industrialization in East Asia.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
64.
WHITEHILL, A.M. ed. 1987. Doing Business in Korea.London: Croom Helm.
65.
WOO, J.-E. 1991. Race to the Swift: State and Finance in Korean Industrialization.New York: Columbia University Press.
