KostikMM, BregelLV, AvrusinIS, et al.Distinguishing between multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with COVID-19 in children and Kawasaki disease: Development of preliminary criteria based on the data of a retrospective multicenter cohort study. Front Pediatr, 2021; 9:787353.
2.
Godfred-CatoS, AbramsJY, BalachandranN, et al.Distinguishing multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children from COVID-19, Kawasaki disease, and toxic shock syndrome. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2022; 41(4):315–323; doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000003474
SobhA, MosaDM, KhaledN, et al.How multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children can be discriminated from Kawasaki disease: A differentiating score based on an inception cohort study. Clin Rheumatol, 2023; 42(4):1151–1161.
5.
UluK, ÇağlayanŞ, CoşkunerT, et al.Differentiating Kawasaki disease and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children using blood composite scores: Insights into clinical outcomes and predictive indices. Pediatr Cardiol, 2025; 46(5):1390–1399; doi: 10.1007/s00246-025-03785-w
6.
LamJY, ShimizuC, TremouletAH, et al.; Pediatric Emergency Medicine Kawasaki Disease Research Group; CHARMS Study Group. A machine-learning algorithm for diagnosis of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and Kawasaki disease in the USA: A retrospective model development and validation study. Lancet Digit Health, 2022; 4(10):e717–e726; doi: 10.1016/S2589-7500(22)00134-6
7.
Gámez-GonzálezLB, MurataC, García-SilvaJ, et al.; REKAMLATINA-3 MIS-C Study Group Investigators. Macrophage activation syndrome in MIS-C. Pediatrics, 2024; 154(6):e2024066780; doi: 10.1542/peds.2024-066780
8.
CantorA, MillerJ, ZachariahP, et al.Acute hepatitis is a prominent presentation of the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: A single-center report. Hepatology, 2020; 72(5):1522–1527; doi: 10.1002/hep.31526PMC7655704
9.
DworskyZD, RobertsJE, SonMBF, et al.Mistaken MIS-C: A case series of bacterial enteritis mimicking MIS-C. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2021; 40(4):e159–e161; doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000003050
KolsiR, AmmarM, SfaihiL, et al.Miliary tuberculosis mimicking COVID-19 multisystemic inflammatory syndrome in children. Arch Pediatr, 2023; 30(7):521–523; doi: 10.1016/j.arcped.2023.08.003
12.
DiwakarK, SarangiT, SrivastavaP, et al.Human adenovirus infection causing hyperinflammatory syndrome mimicking multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C): A case report. Cureus, 2023; 15(6):e40239; doi: 10.7759/cureus.40239
13.
BalasubramanianS, SankarJ, DhanalakshmiK, et al.Differentiating multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and its mimics: A single-center experience from a tropical setting. Indian Pediatr, 2023; 60(5):377–380; doi: 10.1007/s13312-023-2884-3
14.
JagwaniH, PalP, GhoshA, et al.Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis mimicking multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Indian J Pediatr, 2022; 89(4):415; doi: 10.1007/s12098-021-04046-3
15.
Domínguez-RojasJ, Atamari-AnahuiN, Chonlon-MurilloK, et al.Systemic lupus erythematosus complicated with macrophage activation syndrome mimicking COVID-19 multisystemic inflammatory syndrome in children. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex, 2021; 78(6):642–646; doi: 10.24875/BMHIM.21000064
16.
DhaliwalM, TyagiR, MalhotraP, et al.Mechanisms of immune dysregulation in COVID-19 are different from SARS and MERS: A perspective in the context of Kawasaki disease and MIS-C. Front Pediatr, 2022; 10:790273; doi: 10.3389/fped.2022.790273Doi
17.
PfeiferJ, ThurnerB, KesselC, et al.Autoantibodies against interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: a multicentre, retrospective, cohort study. Lancet Rheumatol, 2022; 4(5):e329–e337; doi: 10.1016/S2665-9913(22)00064-9
18.
ZerraPE, StowellJ, VerkerkeH, et al.Factor H autoantibodies contribute to complement dysregulation in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). Am J Hematol, 2023 May;98(5):E98–E101; doi: 10.1002/ajh.26868
19.
GürsesD, YılmazM, AvcıE, et al.Evaluation of pentraxin-3 levels in children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome. Cardiol Young, 2025; 35(2):317–323; doi: 10.1017/S1047951124036175
20.
LippiG, MattiuzziC, FavaloroEJ. Diagnostic value of D-dimer in differentiating multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) from Kawasaki disease: Systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Diagnosis (Berl), 2024; 11(3):231–234; doi: 10.1515/dx-2024-0013