If places are increasingly regarded as brands in both the practice of place marketing and its associated theory, then the study of place names (toponymy) arguably overlaps with theories and concepts involving brand naming within the marketing literature. This paper synthesises the diverse literature streams surrounding critical toponymy and brand naming through an exploration of place branding activities. The paper develops the concept of place name commodification, beyond the limited attention it has received within existing critical toponymy research, before examining the issues of endogenous and exogenous contestation that surround it. The paper concludes by discussing how the commodifying effects of places as brand names, with their associated brand values and imagery, can potentially suppress the alternative place perceptions of users, and in doing so stifle the natural potential for cocreation of the place ‘product’ and its related value.
AldermanD, 2002, “Street names as memorial arenas: The representational politics of commemorating Martin Luther King Jr. in a Georgia county”Historical Geography3099–120
2.
AldermanD, 2006, “Naming streets after Martin Luther King Jr.: No easy road”, in Landscape and Race in the United States Ed. ScheinR, (Routledge, New York) pp 213–236
3.
AldermanD, 2009, “Virtual place-naming, internet domains, and the politics of misdirection: The case of www.martinlutherking.org”, in Critical Toponymies: The Contested Politics of Place Naming Eds BergLDVuolteenahoJ, (Ashgate, Farnham, Surrey) pp 267–283
ArmstrongGKotlerPHarkerMBrennanR, 2009Marketing: An Introduction (Pearson Education, Harlow, Essex)
6.
AshworthG, 1993, “Marketing of places: What are we doing?”, in Urban Marketing in Europe Eds AveGCorsicoF, (Torino Incontra, Turin) pp 643–649
7.
AshworthGVoogdH, 1990Selling the City (Belhaven, London)
8.
AzaryahuM, 2009, “Naming the past: The significance of commemorative street names”, in Critical Toponymies: The Contested Politics of Place Naming Eds BergLDVuolteenahoJ, (Ashgate, Farnham, Surrey) pp 53–70
9.
AzaryahuMGolanA, 2001, “(Re)naming the landscape: The formation of the Hebrew map of Israel 1949–1960”Journal of Historical Geography27178–195
10.
BaileyRHurstE, 2006Rude World: 100 Rudest Place Names in the World (Boxtree, London)
11.
BainesPFillCPageK, 2011Marketing2nd edition (Oxford University Press, Oxford)
12.
BalakrishnanMS, 2009, “Strategic branding of destinations: A framework”European Journal of Marketing, 43(5/6) 611–629
ColombCKalandidesA, 2010, “The ‘be Berlin’ campaign: Old wine in new bottles or innovative form of participatory place branding?”, in Towards Effective Place Brand Management: Branding European Cities and Regions Eds AshworthGKavaratzisM, (Edward Elgar, Cheltenham and Northampton MA) pp 173–190
24.
CorsicoF, 1993, “Urban marketing, a tool for cities and business enterprises, a condition for property development, a challenge for urban planning”, in Urban Marketing in Europe Eds AveGCorsicoF, (Torino Incontra, Turin) pp 75–88
HankinsonG, 2004, “Relational network brands: Towards a conceptual model of place brands”Journal of Vacation Marketing10 (2) 109–121
31.
HermanD, 2009, “The Aloha State: Place names and the anti-conquest of Hawai'i”, in Critical Toponymies: The Contested Politics of Place Naming Eds BergLDVuolteenahoJ, (Ashgate, Farnham, Surrey) pp 101–136
32.
IversonNMHemLE, 2008, “Provenance associations as core values of place umbrella brands: A framework of characteristics”European Journal of Marketing42(5/6) 603–626
33.
JobberD, 2010Principles and Practice of Marketing6th edition (McGraw-Hill, Maidenhead, Berks)
34.
JohanssonJK, 1989, “Determinants and effects of the use of ‘Made in’ labels”International Marketing Review647–58
35.
JulierG, 2011, “Design activism meets place-branding: Reconfiguring urban representation and everyday practice”, in Brands and Branding Geographies Ed. PikeA, (Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, Glos) pp 213–229
36.
KadmonN, 2000Toponymy: The Lore, Laws and Language of Geographical Names (Vantage Press, New York)
37.
KavaratzisM, 2004, “From city marketing to city branding: Towards a theoretical framework for developing city brands”Place Branding1 (1) 58–73
38.
KavaratzisM, 2005, “Place branding: A review of trends and conceptual models”The Marketing Review5329–342
39.
KavaratzisM, 2007, “City marketing: The past, the present and some unresolved issues”Geography Compass1 (3) 695–712
40.
KavaratzisMAshworthGJ, 2007, “Partners in coffeeshops, canals and commerce: Marketing the city of Amsterdam”Cities24 (1) 16–25
41.
KavaratzisMAshworthG, 2008, “Place marketing: How did we get here and where are we going?”Journal of Place Management and Development1 (2) 150–167
42.
KentrotisK, 1994, “Echoes from the past: Greece and the Macedonian controversy”, in Mediterranean Politics-Volume 1 Ed. GillespieR, (Pinter Publishers Ltd, London) pp 85–102
43.
KholiCLaBahnDW, 1995, “Creating effective brand names: A study of the naming process”, ISBM REPORT 12-1995, Institute for the Study of Business Markets, Pennsylvania State University, Philadelphia, PA
44.
KotlerPGertnerD, 2002, “Country as brand, product and beyond: A place marketing and brand management perspective”Journal of Brand Management9 (4–5) 249–261
LewisN, 2011, “Packaging political projects in geographical imaginaries: The rise of nation branding”, in Brands and Branding Geographies Ed PikeA, (Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, Glos) pp 264–287
MyersGA, 2009, “Naming and placing the other: Power and the urban landscape in Zanzibar”, in Critical Toponymies: The Contested Politics of Place Naming Eds BergLDVuolteenahoJ, (Ashgate, Farnham, Surrey) pp 85–100
54.
PironF, 2000, “Consumers' perceptions of the country-of-origin effect on purchasing intentions of (in)conspicuous products”Journal of Consumer Marketing17308–321
55.
RatnayakeNBroderickAJMitchellRLC, 2010, “A neurocognitive approach to brand memory”Journal of Marketing Management261295–1318
56.
RiesATroutJ, 1981Positioning: The Battle for Your Mind (McGraw-Hill, New York)
57.
RobertsonK, 1989, “Strategically desirable brand name characteristics”Journal of Consumer Marketing6 (4) 61–71
58.
Rose-RedwoodRAldermanDAzaryahuM, 2010, “Geographies of toponymic inscription: New directions in critical place-name studies”Progress in Human Geography34453–470
59.
SalciuvieneLGhauriPNStrederR SalomeaDe MattonC, 2010, “Do brand names in a foreign language lead to different brand perceptions?”Journal of Marketing Management26 (11–12) 1037–1056
60.
SolomonMRMarshallGWStuartEWBarnesBMitchellV-W, 2009Marketing: Real People, Real Decisions (Prentice-Hall, Harlow, Essex)
TherkelsenAHalkierHJensenOB, 2010, “Branding Aalborg: Building community or selling place?”, in Towards Effective place Brand Management: Branding European Cities and Regions Eds AshworthGKavaratzisM, (Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, Glos) pp 136–155
63.
The Times2008“What's in a name?” Advert sponsored by World Council of Hellenes Abroad, 2 April, page 25
64.
TruemanMMKlemmMGiroudALindleyT, 2004, “Can a city communicate? Bradford as a corporate brand”Corporate Communications: An International Journal6217–224
65.
TurnockD, 2003The Human Geography of East Central Europe (Routledge, London)
66.
van den BergLBraunE, 1999, “Urban competitiveness, marketing and the need for organising capacity”Urban Studies36 (5–6) 987–999
67.
Van den BerghBGAdlerKOliverL, 1987, “Linguistic distinction among top brand names”Journal of Advertising Research27 (4) 39–44
68.
VarleyRRafiqM, 2004Principles of Retail Management (Palgrave Macmillan, Basinstoke, Hants)
69.
VuolteenahoJBergLD, 2009, “Towards critical toponymies”, in Critical Toponymies: The Contested Politics of Place Naming Eds BergLDVuolteenahoJ, (Ashgate, Farnham, Surrey) pp 1–18
70.
WardKG, 2000a, “State licence, local settlements and the politics of ‘branding’ the city”Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy18285–300
71.
WardKG, 2000b, “From rentiers to rantiers: ‘active entrepreneurs’, ‘structural speculators’ and the politics of marketing the city”Urban Studies37 (7) 1093–1107
72.
WarnabyG, 2009, “Towards a service-dominant place marketing logic”Marketing Theory9403–423
73.
WarnabyGMedwayD, 2010, “Semiotics and place branding: The influence of the built and natural environment in city logos”, in Towards Effective Place Brand Management: Branding European Cities and Regions Eds AshworthGKavaratzisM, (Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, Glos) pp 205–221
74.
WoodMC, 1997, “Participation of former Yugoslav states in the United Nations and in multilateral treaties”, in Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law Eds von BogdandyAWolframR, (Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht, Heidelberg) pp 231–257
75.
YeohBSA, 2009, “Street-naming and nation-building: Toponymic inscriptions of nationhood in Singapore”, in Critical Toponymies: The Contested Politics of Place Naming Eds BergLDVuolteenahoJ, (Ashgate, Farnham, Surrey) pp 71–84
76.
ZelinskyW, 1997, “Along the frontiers of name geography”The Professional Geographer49465–466