This article examines whether the earthquake of January 2010 has the potential to generate a seismic transformation of the Haitian political and social structure. In other words, will the practices of the past persist under new forms in the period of reconstruction facing the country? Will the “politics of the belly” as well as the acute dependence of Haiti on outside forces of power continue to mould the future? Or is there room to imagine under current conditions the creation of a new state based on greater social and economic equality.
Alphonse, R. ( 2010, June 30). Haïti: "Le Temps n’est Plus au Dilatoire, Selon Préval" [Haiti: "According to Preval there is no time to waste"] . Le Nouvelliste. Retrieved from http://www.lenouvelliste.com/article.php?PubID=1&ArticleID=80918
2.
Associated Press. (2010, July 10). Bill Clinton anxious, hopeful on Haiti recovery. CBS News . Retrieved from http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/07/10/world/main6666179.shtml
3.
Barthélémy, G. ( 1992). Les Duvaliéristes Après Duvalier [Duvalierists after Duvalier]. Paris, France: Éditions l’Harmattan.
4.
Bayart, J.F. ( 1993). The state in Africa. The politics of the belly . New York, NY: Longman.
5.
BBC. (2010, August 27). Wyclef Jean criticises Haitian president in Song. BBC News . Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11107860
6.
Blancpain, F. ( 2003). La Condition des Paysans Haïtiens [The condition of Haitian peasants]. Paris, France: Karthala.
7.
Bohning, D. ( 2004, November 23). An international protectorate could bring stability to Haiti. Miami Herald. Retrieved from http://www.lecontact.com/archives_of_editorials_7.htm
8.
Bourdieu, P. ( 1977). Outline of a theory of practice. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
9.
Bourdieu, P. ( 1990). In other words: Essays towards a reflexive sociology . Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
10.
Brooks, D. ( 2010, January 14). The underlying tragedy. New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/15/opinion/15brooks.htm l
11.
Bylaws of the Interim Haiti Recovery Commission. ( 2010, June 20). Interim Haiti recovery commission. Retrieved from http://www.cirh.ht/resources/20100615_IHRC_Bylaws.pdf
12.
Carroll, R. ( 2010, April 1). Haiti promised $10bn in aid-double what it asked for. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/apr/01/haiti-earthquake-10-billion-aid
13.
Cave, D. ( 2010, August 22). Wyclef Jean says he’ll challenge election ruling. New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/23/world/americas/23haiti.html?_r=1&ref=haiti
14.
Charles, J. ( 2010, August 21). Wyclef Jean can’t run for president . Miami Herald. Retrieved from http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/08/21/1785758/wyclef-jean-cant-run-for-president.html
15.
Collier, P. ( 2009, January 28). Haiti: From natural catastrophe to economic security. A report for the secretary-general of the United Nations. Retrieved from http://www.focal.ca/pdf/haiticollier.pdf
16.
Crane, K., Dobbins, J., Miller, L., Ries, C.P., Chivvis, C.S., Haims, M.C., . . . Wilke, E. ( 2010). Building a more resilient Haitian state. Santa Monica, CA: RAND. Retrieved from http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2010/RAND_MG1039.pdf
17.
Dahrendorf, R. ( 1979). Life chances. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
18.
Daniel, T. ( 2010, August 8). Wyclef Jean discusses his decision to seek Haiti presidency. Miami Herald. Retrieved from http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/08/06/1763757/wyclef-jean-from-the-musical-stage.html
19.
Deibert, M. ( 2005). Notes from the last testament, the struggle for Haiti . New York, NY: Seven Stories Press .
20.
Dubois, L. ( 2004). Avengers of the new world. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
21.
Dumas, P.-R. ( 2010, August 24). Deux Haïti face à face [Two faces of Haiti confront each other]. Le Nouvelliste . Retrieved from http://www.lenouvelliste.com/article.php?PubID=1&ArticleID=82752
22.
Dupuy, A. ( 1989). Haiti in the world economy. Boulder, CO: Westview.
23.
Dupuy, A. ( 1997). Haiti in the new world order. Boulder, CO: Westview.
24.
Dupuy, A. ( 2007). The prophet and power. New York, NY : Rowman & Littlefield.
25.
Fatton, R., Jr. ( 2002). Haiti’s predatory republic. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
26.
Fatton, R., Jr. ( 2007). The roots of Haitian despotism. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
27.
Fick, C.E. ( 1990). The making of Haiti. Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press.
28.
Fisch, Y., & Mendoza, M. ( 2010, January 27). Haiti government gets 1 penny of US quake aid dollar. Associated Press. Retrieved from http://channels.isp.netscape.com/news/story.jsp?floc=FF-APO-1310&idq=/ff/story/0001%2F20100127%2F2017066570.htm&sc=1310
29.
Fouchard, J. ( 1988). Les Marrons de la Liberté [The Haitian Maroons: Liberty or death]. Port-au-Prince, Haiti: Éditions Henry Deschamps.
30.
Fukuyama, F. ( 2004). State-building. Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Press.
31.
Geffrard, R. ( 2009, October 19). Haïti: Les Choix du President [Haiti: The president’s choices]. Le Nouvelliste . Retrieved from http://www.lenouvelliste.com/article.php?PubID=1&ArticleID=75271
Genovese, E.D. ( 1979). From rebellion to revolution. New York, NY: Vintage.
34.
Georges, J. ( 2004). Trade and the disappearance of Haitian rice. Retrieved from http://www.1.american.edu/TED/haitirice.htm
35.
Gouvernement de la République d’Haïti. ( 2010). Haïti-PDNA du Tremblement de Terre Évaluation des dommages, des pertes et des besoins généraux et sectoriels [Haiti earthquake PDNA: Assessment of damage, losses, general and sectoral needs]. Retrieved from http://www.refondation.ht/resources/PDNA_Document_de_Travail.pdf
36.
Government of the Republic of Haiti. (2010 , April 1). Action plan for national recovery and development of Haiti. Retrieved from http://www.haiticonference.org/Haiti_Action_Plan_ENG.pdf
37.
Hallward, P. ( 2007). Damning the flood. New York, NY: Verso.
Harrison, L.E. ( 2006). The central liberal truth. Oxford , UK: Oxford University Press.
40.
Harrison, L. E., & Huntington, S. (Eds.). (2000). Culture matters: How values shape human progress. New York, NY: Basic Books.
41.
Interim Haiti Recovery Commission. (2010, July 20). Interim Haiti recovery commission. Retrieved from http://www.cirh.ht/sites/ihrc/en/Pages/default.aspx
42.
James, C.L.R. ( 1980). The Black Jacobins. London , UK: Allison & Busby.
43.
Janvier, L.J. ( 1886). Les constitution D’Haïti (1801-1885) [Haiti’s constitutions (1801-1885)]. Paris, France: C. Marpon et E. Flammarion.
44.
Jean, J.-C., & Maesschalck, M. (1999). Transition Politique en Haïti [Haiti’s political transition]. Paris , France: L’Harmattan.
45.
Jean, W. ( 2010a, August 5). Wyclef Jean on running for Haitian president . CNN & YouTube. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41a0FYJbQXo
46.
Jean, W. ( 2010b, February 28). Speech at the Nation of Islam’s savior day. YouTube. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4McuNky0eoI&feature=related
47.
Katz, J.M. ( 2010, August 7). Fanfare, intrigue at sign ups for Haiti election . Retrieved from http://www.boston.com/news/world/latinamerica/articles/2010/08/07/fanfare_intrigue_at_sign_ups_for_haiti_election/
48.
LaCerte, R.K. ( 1993). The evolution of land and labour in the Haitian revolution, 1791-1820. In H. Beckles & V. Shepherd (Eds.), Caribbean freedom (pp. 42-47). London , UK: James Currey.
49.
Lundahl, M. ( 1993). Toussaint L’Ouverture and the war economy of Saint Domingue, 1796-1802. In H. Beckles & V. Shepherd (Eds.), Caribbean freedom (pp. 2-11). London , UK: James Currey.
50.
Lundahl, M. ( 2004). Sources of growth in the Haitian economy. Economic and Sector Study Series. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.
51.
MacFarquhar, N. ( 2010, March 31). Skepticism on pledges for Haiti. New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/01/world/americas/01haiti.html?ref=haiti
52.
Madistin, S. ( 2010, August 26). Le CEP est il un état dans l’État? [Is the CEP a state within the state?] Haitielections2010.com . Retrieved from http://www.haitielections2010.com/details.php?id=367
53.
Maguire, R. ( 1996). Bootstrap politics: Elections and Haiti’s new public officials. Baltimore, MD: Haiti Papers, Hopkins-Georgetown Haiti Project.
54.
Marcella, G. ( 2005, March). The international community and Haiti: A proposal for cooperative sovereignty. Paper presented at the Future of Democracy and Development in Haiti national/international symposium , Washington, DC.
55.
Midy, F. ( 2001). Le Pouvoir: Volonté de Puissance et D’Humiliation [Power: Desire of omnipotence and humiliation]. Chemins Critiques , 5(1), 75-104.
56.
Mintz, S. ( 1974). Caribbean transformations. Chicago, IL: Aldine.
57.
Moïse, C. ( 1988). Constitutions et Luttes de Pouvoir en Haïti: Tome 1-La Faillite des Classes Dirigeantes (1804-1915) [Constitutions and power struggles in Haiti: Volume 1-The failure of the ruling classes (1804-1915)] . Montréal, Canada: CIDIHCA .
58.
Moïse, C. ( 1990). Constitutions et Luttes de Pouvoir en Haïti: Tome II-De L’Occupation Étrangère à la Dictature Macoute (1915-1987) [Constitutions and power struggles in Haiti: Volume 2-From foreign occupation to the Macoute dictatorship (1915-1987)]. Montréal , Canada: CIDIHCA.
59.
Moïse, C. ( 1994). Une Constitution dans la Tourmente [A constitution in the storm]. Montréal, Canada: Les Éditions Images.
60.
Moïse, C. ( 2001). Le Projet National de Toussaint Louverture [The national project of Toussaint Louverture]. Port-au-Prince, Haiti : Éditions Mémoire.
61.
Nairn, A. ( 1994). Our man in FRAPH. The Nation, 259(13), 458-461.
62.
Nicholls, D. ( 1996). From Dessalines to Duvalier (Rev. ed.). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
63.
Péan, L.J.R. ( 2000). Économie Politique de la Corruption (De Saint Domingue à Haïti 1791-1870) [The political economy of corruption] . Port-au-Prince, Haiti: Éditions Mémoires.
64.
Préval, R. ( 2010, April 21). Decree of Interim Haiti Recovery Commission (IHRC). Retrieved from http://www.cirh.ht/resources/IHRC_Decree.pdf
65.
Private Sector Economic Forum. (2010, March 23). Vision and road map for Haiti. Final draft version presented to government of Haiti. Retrieved from http://www.cirh.ht/resources/Private_Sector_Plan.pdf
66.
Renda, M.A. ( 2001). Taking Haiti. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
67.
Robertson, P. ( 2010, January 13). Pat Robertson says Haiti paying for "pact to the devil." CNN. Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/01/13/haiti.pat.robertson/index.html
68.
Rotberg, R. (with Clague, C.). (1971). Haiti: The politics of squalor. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
69.
Schwartz, T.T. ( 2010). Travesty in Haiti. Lexington, KY: BookSurge.
70.
Sheller, M. ( 2000). Democracy after slavery. Gainesville : University Press of Florida.
71.
Sontag, D. ( 2010, January 17). Amid rubble, seeking a refuge in faith . New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/18/world/americas/18church.html?scp=47&sq=us+earthquake+aid+to+haiti+government&st=nyt
72.
Tracy, R. ( 2010, August 26). Wyclef Jean lashes out in song. Newsweek. Retrieved from http://www.newsweek.com/2010/08/26/wyclef-s-new-single-satan-torpeoedhis-presidential-bid.html
73.
Trouillot, L. ( 2010, August 10). Wyclef, La Peur et les Élites [Wyclef, fear, and the elites]. Radio Kiskeya. Retrieved from http://www.radiokiskeya.com/spip.php?article6935
74.
Trouillot, M.-R. ( 1990). Haiti: State against nation. New York, NY: Monthly Review Press.
75.
Trouillot, M.-R. ( 1995). Haiti’s nightmare and the lessons of history . In North American Congress on Latin America (Ed.), Haiti: Dangerous crossroads (pp. 121-132). Boston, MA : South End.
76.
Vorbe, C. ( 2010). Earthquake, humanitarianism and intervention in Haiti . Latin American Studies Association Forum, 16(3), 16-19.
