Using the KOF Index of Globalization and two indices of economic freedom, the authors empirically analyze whether globalization and economic liberalization affect governments’ respect for human rights in a panel of 106 countries over the 1981–2004 period. According to their results, physical integrity rights significantly and robustly increase with globalization and economic freedom, while empowerment rights are not robustly affected. Due to the lack of consensus about the appropriate level of empowerment rights as compared to the outright rejection of any violation of physical integrity rights, the global community is presumably less effective in promoting empowerment rights.
AbouharbM. RodwanCingranelliDavid L.. 2006. “The Human Rights Effects of World Bank Structural Adjustment Lending, 1981–2000.”International Studies Quarterly50 (2): 233–62.
2.
AbouharbM. RodwanCingranelliDavid L.. 2009. “IMF Programs and Human Rights, 1981-2003.”Review of International Organizations4 (1): 47–72.
3.
AiChunrongNortonEdward C.. 2003. “Interaction Terms in Logit and Probit Models.”Economics Letters80 (1): 123–29.
4.
AkerlofGeorge A.1980. “A Theory of Social Custom, of Which Unemployment May be One Consequence.”Quarterly Journal of Economics94 (4): 749–75.
5.
AlesinaAlbertoEasterlyWilliamDevleeschauwerArnaudKurlatSergioWacziargRomain. 2003. “Fractionalization.”Journal of Economic Growth8 (2): 155–94.
ApodacaClaire. 2001. “Global Economic Patterns and Personal Integrity Rights After the Cold War.”International Studies Quarterly45 (4): 587–602.
8.
ArruñadaBenito. 2010. “Protestants and Catholics: Similar Work Ethic, Different Social Ethic.”Economic Journal120 (547): 890–918.
9.
AxelrodRobert. 1986. “An Evolutionary Approach to Norms.”American Political Science Review80 (4): 1095–111.
10.
BarroRobert J.LeeJong-Wha. 2000. “International Data on Educational Attainment: Updates and Implications.”CID Working Paper No. 42.
11.
BeckThorstenClarkeGeorgeGroffAlbertoKeeferPhilipWalshPatrick. 2001. “New Tools in Comparative Political Economy: The Database of Political Institutions.”World Bank Economic Review15 (1): 165–76.
12.
BerggrenNiclas. 2003. “The Benefits of Economic Freedom. A Survey.”The Independent Review8 (2): 193–211.
13.
BjørnskovChristian. 2006. Globalization and Economic Freedom: New Evidence Using the Dreher Indices. Aarhus School of Business, Department of Economics. Unpublished manuscript prepared for the 2nd Danish International Economics Workshop.
14.
BoockmannBernhardDreherAxel. 2003. “The Contribution of the IMF and the World Bank to Economic Freedom.”European Journal of Political Economy19 (3): 633–49.
15.
BurkhartRoss E.2002. “The Capitalist Political Economy and Human Rights: Cross-National Evidence.”Social Science Journal39 (2): 155–70.
16.
BusseMatthiasHefekerCarsten. 2007. “Political Risk, Institutions and Foreign Direct Investment.”European Journal of Political Economy23 (2): 397–415.
ChomskyNoamHermanEdward S.. 1979. The Political Economy of Human Rights: The WashingtonConnection and Third World Fascism. Boston, MA: South End Press.
CingranelliDavid L.RichardsDavid L.. 1999. “Measuring the Level, Pattern, and Sequence of Government Respect for Physical Integrity Rights.”International Studies Quarterly43 (2): 407–18.
21.
CingranelliDavid L.RichardsDavid L.. 2006. The Cingranelli-Richards (CIRI) Human Rights Dataset 2006. Accessed September 27, 2006, http://www.humanrightsdata.org/.
22.
de HaanJakobSturmJan-Egbert. 2003. “Does More Democracy Lead to Greater Economic Freedom? New Evidence for Developing Countries.”European Journal of Political Economy19 (3): 547–63.
23.
DreherAxel. 2006a. “Does Globalization Affect Growth? Evidence from a New Index of Globalization.”Applied Economics38 (10): 1091–110.
24.
DreherAxel. 2006b. “IMF and Economic Growth: The Effects of Programs, Loans, and Compliance with Conditionality.”World Development34 (5): 769–88.
25.
DreherAxelGassebnerMartinSiemersLars-H.. 2010. “Does Terror Threaten Human Rights? Evidence from Panel Data.”Journal of Law and Economics53 (1): 65–93.
26.
DreherAxelGastonNoelMartensPim. 2008. Measuring Globalisation—Gauging its Consequences. New York: Springer.
27.
DreherAxelVaubelRoland. 2009. “Foreign Exchange Intervention and the Political Business Cycle: A Panel Data Analysis.”Journal of International Money and Finance28 (5): 755–75.
MartinGassebnerLamlaMichaelSturmJan-Egbert. 2011. “Determinants of Pollution: What Do We Really know?”Oxford Economic Papers63 (3): 568–95.
32.
GellenyRonal D.McCoyMatthew. 2001. “Globalization and Government Policy Independence: The Issue of Taxation.”Political Research Quarterly509–29.
33.
GleditschNils P.WallensteenPeterErikssonMikaelSollenbergMargaretaStrandHåvard. 2002. “Armed Conflict 1946–2001: A New Dataset.”Journal of Peace Research39 (5): 615–37.
34.
GrangerClive W. J..1969. “Testing for Causality and Feedback.”Econometrica37 (3): 424–38.
35.
GreeneW..2010. “Testing Hypotheses about Interaction Terms in Nonlinear Models.”Economics Letters107 (2): 291–6.
36.
GwartneyJames G.LawsonRobert A.. 2008. Economic Freedom of the World: 2008 Annual Report. Vancouver British Columbia, Canada: Fraser Institute.
37.
Hafner-BurtonEmilie M.2005. “Right or Robust? The Sensitive Nature of Repression to Globalization.”Journal of Peace Research42 (6): 679–98.
38.
Hafner-BurtonEmilie M.2008. “Sticks and Stones: Naming and Shaming the Human Rights Enforcement Problem.”International Organization62 (4): 689–716.
39.
Hafner-BurtonEmilie M.RonJames. 2009. “Seeing Double—Human Rights Impact Through Qualitative and Quantitative Eyes.”World Politics61 (2): 360–401.
40.
HuntingtonSamuel. 1968. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven, CT: YaleUniversity Press.
41.
InglehartRonald. 1988. “The Renaissance of Political Culture.”American Political Science Review82 (4): 1203–30.
42.
KuznetsSimon. 1955. “Economic Growth and Income Inequality.”American Economic Review45 (1): 1–28.
43.
LeamerEdward E.1983. “Let’s take the Con Out of Econometrics.”American Economic Review73 (1): 31–43.
LiQuan. 2006. “Political Violence and Foreign Direct Investment.” In Research in Global Strategic Management, Vol. 12, Regional Economic Integration, edited by FratianniM.Rugman, A. M.231–55. Oxford, UK: Elsevier.
46.
MarshallMonty G.JaggersKeith. 2000. Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800-2000. Accessed September 15, 2006, http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/polity/.
47.
MarxKarl. [1844] 1950. Nationalökonomie und Philosophie. Cologne and Berlin: Verlag Gustav Kiepenheuer.
PerssonThorstenTabelliniGuido. 2003. The Economic Effect of Constitutions: What do the Data Say? Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
54.
PoeStevenNeal TateC.. 1994. “Repression of Human Rights to Personal Integrity in the 1980s: A Global Analysis.”American Political Science Review88 (4): 853–72.
55.
RabetDelphine. 2009. “Human Rights and Globalization: The Myth of Corporate Social Responsibility?”Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences1 (2): 463–75.
56.
RichardsDavid L.1999. “Perilous Proxy: Human Rights and the Presence of National Elections.”Social Science Quarterly 80: 648–65.
57.
RichardsDavid L.GellenyRonaldSackoDavid. 2001. “Money with a Mean Streak? Foreign Economic Penetration and Government Respect for Human Rights in Developing Countries.”International Studies Quarterly45 (2): 219–39.
Sala-i-MartinXavier. 1997. “I Just Ran Two Million Regressions.”American Economic Review87 (2): 178–83.
60.
StiglitzJoseph E.2006. Making Globalization Work. New York: W. W. Norton.
61.
SturmJan-EgbertHaanJakob de. 2005. “Determinants of Long-Term Growth: New Results Applying Robust Estimation and Extreme Bounds Analysis.”Empirical Economics30 (3): 597–617.
Union of International Associations. 2000. Yearbook of International Organizations. Munich, Germany: Thomson.
64.
United Nations. 2005. Human Development Report—International Cooperation at a Crossroads: Aid, Trade and Security in an Unequal World. New York: United Nations Development Programme.
65.
United Nations. 2006. Indicators for Human Rights-Based Approaches to Development in UNDP Programming. New York: United Nations Development Programme.
66.
VreelandJames Raymond. 2008. “Political Institutions and Human Rights: Why Dictatorships Enter into the United Nations Convention Against Torture.”International Organization62 (1): 65–101.
67.
World Bank. 2009. World Development Indicators(CD-Rom). Washington, DC: World Bank.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
