The key to building the legitimacy of a political system is to select political themes in a complex social environment that will maximize social support for that system. The principal characteristic of legitimacy-building in Chinese revolutionary politics from 1921 to 1923 was the emergence of three central political themes: class struggle, substantive democracy, and national revolution. Comprehensively using these themes to generate maximal resonance with society as well as controlling the tensions between them was critical for revolutionary politics to consolidate its legitimacy.
BeethamDavid (1991) The Legitimation of Power. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
2.
Chen Duxiu 陈独秀 (1923) “中国农民问题” (The Chinese peasant issue). Pp. 318–21 in Chen, Xue, and Feng, 1985.
3.
Chen Hansheng陈翰笙Xue Muqiao薛暮桥Feng Hefa冯和法 [eds.] (1985) 解放前的中国农村 (The pre-liberation Chinese countryside), vol. 1. 北京: 中国展望出版社.
4.
Funü yundong jueyian 妇女运动决议案 [Resolution on the women’s movement] (1923) Pp. 154–55 in Zhongyang dang’anguan, 1989.
5.
GaoYuan (2016) “Revolutionary rural politics: the peasant movement in Guangdong and its social-historical background, 1922–1926.” Modern China42, 2 (Mar.): 162-87.
6.
“Gao Zhongguo de nongmin” 告中国的农民 [A letter to China’s peasants] (1920) Pp. 106–9 in Chen, Xue, and Feng, 1985.
7.
GilleyBruce (2008) “Legitimacy and institutional change: the case of China.” Comparative Political Studies41, 3: 259–84.
8.
Guanyu guomin yundong ji Guomindang wenti de jueyian 关于国民运动及国民党问题的决议案 [Resolution on the national movement and the Guomindang issue] (1923) Pp. 146–47 in Zhongyang dang’anguan, 1989.
9.
Guomin yundong jinxing jihua jueyian 国民运动进行计划决议案 [Resolution on the plan of advancing the national movement] (1923) Pp. 200–201 in Zhongyang dang’anguan, 1989.
10.
HabermasJÜRGEN (1979) Communication and the Evolution of Society. Boston: Beacon.
He Gaochao 何高潮 (1997) 地主, 農民, 共產黨: 社會博弈論分析 (Landlords, peasants, and the Communist Party: a social analysis based on game theory). 香港: 牛津大學出版社.
13.
HolbigHeike (2008) “Ideological reform and political legitimacy in China: challenges in the post-Jiang era.” Pp. 12–34 in HebererThomasSchubertGunter (eds.), Regime Legitimacy in Contemporary China: Institutional Change and Stability. London: Routledge.
14.
HuangPhilip C. C. (1991) “The paradigmatic crisis in Chinese studies: paradoxes in social and economic history.” Modern China17, 3 (July): 299–341.
15.
HuangPhilip C. C. (2002) “Development or involution in eighteenth-century Britain and China?” J. of Asian Studies 61, 2: 501–38.
16.
HuangPhilip C. C. (2014) “The basis for the legitimacy of the Chinese political system: whence and whither? Dialogues among Western and Chinese scholars, VII—Editor’s introduction.” Modern China40, 2 (Mar.): 107–18.
17.
Jiang Shigong (2010) “Written and unwritten constitutions: a new approach to the study of constitutional government in China.” Modern China36, 1 (Jan.): 12–46.
18.
KingMichaelThornhillChris (2003) Niklas Luhmann’s Theory of Politics and Law. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
19.
LakatosImre (1989) The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes: Philosophical Papers, vol. 1. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
20.
Li Jinzheng 李金铮 (2010) “向‘新革命史’转型: 中共革命史研究方法的反思与突破” (The transformation toward “new revolutionary history”: rethinking the history of the Chinese Communist Party and a breakthrough in research methods). 中共党史研究1: 73–77.
21.
LuhmannNiklas (1989) Ecological Communication. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
22.
LuhmannNiklas (1990a) Political Theory in the Welfare State. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
23.
LuhmannNiklas (1990b) “The cognitive program of constructivism and a reality that remains unknown.” Pp. 65–85 in KrohnWolfgangKüppersGünterNowotnyHelga (eds.), Selforganization: Portrait of a Scientific Revolution. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic. 1990.
24.
LuhmannNiklas (1995) Social Systems. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press.
25.
LuhmannNiklas (2000) Die Politik der Gesellschaft (The politics of society). Frankfurt am main: Suhrkamp.
26.
LuhmannNiklas (2012) Theory of Society. 2 vols. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press.
27.
Mao Zedong 毛泽东 (1926a) “中国农民中各阶级的分析及其对于革命的态度” (An analysis of the classes among the Chinese peasantry and their attitudes toward the revolution). Pp. 136–60 in Mao, 1976.
28.
Mao Zedong (1926b) “中国社会各阶级的分析” (Analysis of the classes in Chinese society). Pp. 161–74 in Mao, 1976.
29.
Mao Zedong (1927) “湖南农民运动考察报告” (Report on the peasant movement in Hunan). Pp. 207–49 in Mao, 1976.
30.
Mao Zedong (1976) 毛泽东集 (Collected works of Mao Zedong), vol. 1. 东京: 北望社.
31.
PangYong PIL (1975) “Peng Pai: from landlord to revolutionary.” Modern China1, 3 (July): 297–322.
32.
Peng Pai 彭湃 (1926) 海丰农民运动 (The Haifeng peasant movement). Pp. 115–57 in Chen, Xue, and Feng, 1985.
33.
QuineWillard Van Orman (1963) From a Logical Point of View. New York: Harper & Row.
34.
SchoppaR. Keith (1995) Blood Road: The Mystery of Shen Dingyi in Revolutionary China. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
35.
ThornhillChris (2007) German Political Philosophy: The Metaphysics of Law. London: Routledge.
36.
TsouTang (2000) “Interpreting the revolution in China: macrohistory and micromechanisms.” Modern China26, 2 (April): 205–38.
37.
WeberMax (1978) Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
38.
Wei Asan 卫阿三 (1982) “李成虎领头办农会” (Li Chenghu led us to organize a peasant association). P. 94 in Yaqian nongmin yundong, 1987.
39.
Xu Jilin 许纪霖 (2007) “近代中国政治正当性之历史转型” (The historical transformation of political legitimacy in modern China). 学海5: 13–23.
40.
Xuanlu 玄庐 [Shen Dingyi 沈定一] (1921) “农民自决” (Peasant self-determination). Pp. 17–20 in Yaqian nongmin yundong, 1987.
41.
Yaqian nongmin xiehui zhangcheng 衙前农民协会章程 [Constitution of the Yaqian Peasant Association] (1921) Pp. 25–26 in Yaqian nongmin yundong, 1987.
42.
Yaqian nongmin yundong 衙前农民运动 [The peasant movement in Yaqian] (1987) 北京: 中共党史资料出版社.
43.
Zhongguo gongchandang dierci quanguo daibiao dahui xuanyan 中国共产党第二次全国代表大会宣言 [Communiqué of the Second National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party] (1922) Pp. 99–118 in Zhongyang dang’anguan, 1989.
44.
Zhongguo gongchandang duiyu muqian shiji wenti zhi jihua 中国共产党对于目前实际问题之计划 [The program of the Chinese Communist Party on the current practical issues] (1922) Pp. 119–28 in Zhongyang dang’anguan, 1989.
45.
Zhongguo gongchandang duiyu shiju de zhuzhang 中国共产党对于时局的主张 [The position of the Chinese Communist Party on the current political situation] (1922) Pp. 33–46 in Zhongyang dang’anguan, 1989.
46.
Zhongyang dang’anguan 中央档案馆 [The Central Archives] [eds.] (1989) 中共中央文件选集 (Collection of documents of the Chinese Communist Party Center), vol. 1 (1921–1925). 北京: 中共中央党校出版社.
47.
Zou Dang 邹谠 [Tsou Tang] (1994) 二十世纪中国政治: 从宏观历史与微观行动的角度看 (Chinese politics in the twentieth century: from the perspectives of macrohistory and micro-behavior). 香港: 牛津大学出版社.
