Thirty Years of Electronic Intrapartum Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring: Discussion Paper

Gillmer MDG , Combe D. Intrapartum fetal monitoring practice in the United Kingdom. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1979; 86: 753–8

Goodlin RC . History of fetal monitoring. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1979; 133: 323–52

Clayton SG , Fraser D , Lewis TLT . Obstetrics by ten teachers, 11 edn. London: Edward Arnold, 1966

Hon EH . The electronic evaluation of the fetal heart rate. Preliminary report. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1958; 75: 1215–30

Hon EH . The classification of fetal heart rate. I. A working classification. Obstet Gynecol 1963; 22: 137–46

Paul RH , Hon EH . A clinical fetal monitor. Obstet Gynecol 1970; 35: 161–9

Simmons SC , Lieberman B. The combined use of cardiology and fetal blood sampling in monitoring the fetus in labour. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonwealth 1972; 79: 816–20

Shenker L , Post RC , Seiler JS . Routine electronic monitoring of fetal heart rate and uterine activity during labour. Obstet Gynecol 1975; 46: 185–9

Tutera G , Newman RL . Fetal monitoring: Its effect on the perinatal mortality and cesarian section rates and its complications. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1975; 122: 750–4

Edington PT , Sibanda J , Beard RW . Influence on clinical practice of routine intra-partum fetal monitoring. Br Med J 1975; 3: 341–3

Amato JC . Fetal monitoring in a community hospital. A statistical analysis. Obstet Gynecol 1977; 50: 269–74

Hon EH , Zannini D , Quilligan EJ . The neonatal value of fetal monitoring. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1975; 122: 508–19

Low JA , Pancham SR , Worthington D , Boston RW . The incidence of fetal asphyxia in six hundred high risk pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1975; 121: 456–9

Low JA , Pancham SR , Worthington D. Fetal heart deceleration patterns in relation to asphyxia and weight-gestational age percentile of the fetus. Obstet Gynecol 1976; 47: 14–20

Odendall H. Fetal heart rate patterns in patients with intrauterine growth retardation. Obstet Gynecol 1976; 48: 187–90

Banta HD , Thacker SB . Assessing the costs and benefits of electronic fetal monitoring. Obstet Gynecol Survey 1979; 34: 627–42

Crawford JW , Carter NW , Lovell KM , Henry MJ . The use of computers in fetal monitoring. Int J Biomed Comput 1974; 5: 249–63

Beard RW , Filshie GM , Knight CA , Roberts GM . The significance of the changes in the continuous fetal heart rate in the first stage of labour. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonwealth 1971; 78: 865–81

Saldana LR , Schulman H , Yng WH . Electronic fetal monitoring during labour. Obstet Gynecol 1976; 47: 706–10

Tejani N , Mann LI , Bhakthavathsalan A. Correlation of fetal heart rate patterns and fetal pH with neonatal outcome. Obstet Gynecol 1976; 48: 460–3

Liu DTY , Thomas G , Blackwell RJ . Progression in response patterns of fetal heart rate throughout labour. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1975; 82: 943–51

Johnstone FD , Campbell DM , Hughes GJ . Has continuous intrapartum monitoring made any impact on fetal outcome? Lancet 1978; i: 1298–300

Wood C. A comparison of two controlled trials concerning the efficacy of fetal intensive care. J Perinatal Med 1978; 6: 149–53

Kelso IM , Parsons RJ , Lawrence GF . An assessment of continuous fetal heart rate monitoring in labour. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1978; 131: 526–32

Mueller-Heuback E , Macdonald HM , Joret D , Portman MA , Edelstone DI , Caritis SN . Effects of electronic fetal monitoring on perinatal outcome and obstetric practices. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980; 137: 758–63

MacDonald D , Grant A , Sheridan-Pereira M , Boyland P , Chambers I. The Dublin randomised controlled trial of intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 152: 524–39

Leveno KJ , Dunningham FG , Nelson S . A prospective comparison of selective and universal electronic fetal monitoring in 34,995 pregnancies. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 615–9

Prentice A , Lind T. Fetal heart rate monitoring during labour – too frequent intervention, too little benefit? Lancet 1987; ii: 1375–7

Thacker SB . The efficacy of intrapartum electronic fetal monitoring. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 156: 24–30

Steer PJ . Fetal monitoring – present and future. Eur J Obstet, Gynecol Reprod Biol 1987; 24: 112–7

Sykes GS , Molloy PM , Johnson P , Stirrat GM , Turnbull AC . Fetal distress and the condition of newborn infants. Br Med J 1983; 287: 943–5

Van den Berg P , Schmidt S , Gesche J , Saling E. Fetal distress and the condition of the newborn using cardiotocography and fetal blood analysis during labour. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 96: 72–5

Jenkins HML . Fetal monitoring – present and future. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1987; 24: 110–2

Lee ST , Hon EH . The fetal electrocardiogram. IV. Unusual variations in the QRS complex during labour. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1965; 92: 1140–8

Rosen KG , Kjellmer I. Changes in the fetal heart rate and ECG during hypoxia. Acta Physiol Scand 1975; 93: 59–66

Jenkins HML , Symonds EM , Kirk DL , Smith PR . Can fetal electrocardiography improve the prediction of intrapartum fetal acidosis? Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1986; 93: 6–12

Symonds EM . On-line processing of the fetal electrocardiogram. A new direction of fetal monitoring. J Reprod Med 1987; 32: 509–12

Booth G , Huch A , Huch R. Guidelines for the use of fetal monitoring. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1987; 25: 159–67