Albert Sidney Beckham was the first African American to hold the title school psychologist. This article examines the life and professional career of Beckham in the context of his contributions to the field of school psychology. It explores his graduate education, the founding of Howard University's Psychological Laboratory and his research and practice as a school psychologist at the Institute for Juvenile Research and Chicago Bureau of Child Study. While much has been written on individual contributors to the field of school psychology, there is virtually no mention of any practitioners of colour. Thus, the purpose of this article is to begin a process of inclusion by mainstreaming the work of a pioneer in the field of school psychology.
Alpert, J. and Conoley, J. (1988) `Mainstreaming Psychology of Women with School Psychology', Professional School Psychology3: 1-2.
2.
American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, and National Council of Measurement in Education (1999) Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing . Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association.
3.
American Psychological Association (1990) Guidelines for Providers of Psychological Services to Ethnic, Linguistic, and Culturally Diverse Populations. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
4.
Bayton, J. (1975) `Francis Sumner, Max Meenes, and the Training of Black Psychologists', American Psychologist30: 185-86.
5.
Benjamin, L. and Baker, D. (2004) From Séance to Science: A History of the Profession of Psychology in America. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth Learning.
6.
Benjamin, L., Henry, K. and McMahon, L. (2005) `Inez Beverly Prosser and the Education of African Americans', Journal of the History of Behavioral Sciences41: 43-62.
7.
Beuttler, F. (2004) For the Welfare of Every Child': A Brief History of the Institute for Juvenile Research. Institute for Juvenile Research. University of Illinois, Chicago, IL.
8.
Black, T. (2003) Bridges of Memory Chicago's First Wave of Black Migration. Chicago, IL: Northwestern University Press.
9.
Bond, H. (1924) `What the Army Intelligence Tests Measured', Opportunity2: 197-202.
10.
Bond, H. (1927) `Some Exceptional Negro Children', The Crisis34: 257-80.
11.
Bousfield, M. (1932) `The Intelligence and School Achievement of Negro Children', Journal of Negro Education1: 388-95.
12.
Brigham, C. (1923) A Study of American Intelligence. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
13.
Cahn, E. (1955) `Jurisprudence', New York University Law Review30: 150-69.
14.
Canady, H. (1936) `The Effect of Rapport on the IQ: A New Approach to the Problem of Racial Psychology', Journal of Negro Education5: 209-19.
15.
Canady, H. (1943) `The Problem of Equating the Environment of Negro-White Groups for Intelligence Testing in Comparative Studies', Journal of Social Psychology17: 3-15.
16.
Clark, K. (1959-1960) `The Desegregation Cases: Criticism of the Social Scientist's Role', Villanova Law Review5: 224-40.
17.
Clark, K. (1974) `The Role of Social Scientists 25 Years After Brown' , Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin5: 477-81.
18.
DuBois, W.E.B. (1953) Souls of Black Folk. New York : Random House.
19.
Fagan, T. (1987) `Gesell: The First School Psychologist Part I. The Road to Connecticut', School Psychology Review16(1): 103-7.
20.
Fagan, T. and Warden, P. (1996) Historical Encyclopedia of School Psychology. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
21.
Fagan, T. and Wise, P. (2007) School Psychology: Past, Present, and Future, 3rd edn. Bethesda, MD: National Association of School Psychologists.
22.
Ferguson, G. (1916) The Psychology of the Negro: An Experimental Study . New York: The Science Press.
23.
Fosdick, R. (1989) The Story of the Rockefeller Foundation. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.
24.
Francis, C. (1988) The Tuskegee Airmen: The Men Who Changed a Nation . Boston, MA: Brandon Publishing ,
25.
Franklin, V. (1980) `Black Social Scientists and the Mental Testing Movement, 1920-1930', in R. Jones (ed.) Black Psychology, 4th edn, pp. 201-15. New York: Harper and Row.
26.
French, J. (1984) `On the Conception, Birth, and Early Development of School Psychology, with Special Reference to Pennsylvania', American Psychologist39: 976-87.
27.
Guthrie, R. (1998) Even The Rat Was White: A Historical View of Psychology , 2nd edn. Needham Heights, MA : Allyn and Bacon.
28.
Hilliard, A. (1983) `IQ and the Courts' Larry P. vs. Wilson Riles and PASE vs. Hannon', Journal of Black Psychology10: 1-18.
29.
Hilliard, A. (1987) `Testing African American Students [Special issue]' , Negro Educational Review38: 2-3.
30.
Hilliard, A. (1990) `Back to Binet: The Case Against Using IQ Test in the Schools', Contemporary Education41: 184-89.
31.
Hirsch, A. (1983) Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago . New York: Cambridge University Press.
32.
Hopkins, R., Ross, S. and Hicks, L. (1994) `A History of the Department of Psychology at Howard University', Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences82: 161-67.
33.
Holloway, J. (2002) Confronting the Veil: Abram Harris, Jr, E. Franklin Frazier, and Ralph Bunche, 1919-1941. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
34.
Hosp, J. and Reschly, D. (2004) `Disproportionate Representation of Minority Students in Special Education: Academic, Demographic, and Economic Predictors', Exceptional Children70: 185-99.
35.
Howard, R. (1944) `Fantasy and Play Interview', Character and Personality13: 151-65.
36.
Howard, R. (1946a) `Intellectual and Personality Traits of a Group of Triplets', Journal of Psychology21: 25-36.
37.
Howard, R. (1946b) `The Language Development of a Group of Triplets' , Journal of Genetic Psychology69: 181-88.
38.
Howard, R. (1947) `The Developmental History of a Group of Triplets' , Journal of Genetic Psychology70: 191-204.
39.
Howard, R. (1976) `Two Early Black Psychologists: Albert Sidney Beckham and Ruth Winifred Howard', paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association of Black Psychologists, Chicago, IL.
40.
Howard, R. (1983) `Ruth Howard', in A. N. O'Connell and N. F. Russo (eds) Models of Achievement: Reflections of Eminent Women in Psychology , pp. 55-67. New York: Columbia University Press.
41.
Institute for Juvenile Research (1934) The Illinois Institute for Juvenile Research Evaluation Report. Chicago, IL: Illinois Institute for Juvenile Research .
42.
Jacobs, J.L. and Company (1933) Memorandum on Findings and Preliminary Recommendations on the Criminologist and Institute for Juvenile Research of the Department of Public Welfare. Chicago, IL.
43.
Jenkins, M. (1936) `A Sociological Study of Negro Children with Superior Intelligence', Journal of Negro Education5: 175-90.
44.
Johnson, C. and Bond, H. (1934) `The Investigation of Racial Differences Prior to 1910', Journal of Negro Education3: 328-39.
45.
Jones, R. (2004) Black Psychology, 4th edn. Hampton, VA: Cobb and Henry.
46.
Lewis, D. (1993) W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868-1919 . New York: Henry Holt and Company .
47.
Logan, R. (1969) Howard University: The First Hundred Years: 1867-1967 . New York: New York University Press.
48.
Lomax, E. (1977) `The Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial: Some of Its Contributions to Early Research in Child Development', Journal of the History of Behavioral Sciences13: 283-93.
49.
Long, H. (1923) `Our Bookshelf', Opportunity: Journal of Negro Life2: 222-23.
50.
Long, H. (1934) `The Intelligence of Colored Elementary Pupils in Washington DC', Journal of Negro Education3: 205-22.
51.
Long, H. (1935) `Test Results of Third Grade Negro Children Selected on the Basis of Socioeconomic Status', Journal of Negro Education4: 192-212.
52.
McAlpin, A. (1932) `Changes in the Intelligence Quotients of Negro Children', Journal of Negro Education1: 44-48.
53.
Merrell, K., Gimpel, G. and Ervin, R. (2006) School Psychology for the 21st Century: Foundations and Practices. New York: Guilford Publications
54.
Mullen, F. (1981) `School Psychology in the USA: Reminiscences of its Origin', Journal of School Psychology19: 103-19.
55.
Myers, L. (1988) Understanding an Afrocentric Worldview: Introduction to an Optimal Psychology. Dubuque, IA: Kendall-Hunt Publishers.
56.
Myers, L. (1991) `Expanding the Psychology of Knowledge Optimally: The Importance of World View Revisited', in R. Jones (ed.) Black Psychology, 3rd edn, pp. 15-28. Berkeley, CA: Cobb and Henry.
57.
National Association of School Psychologists ( 2000) Standards for the Provision of School Psychological Services . Silver Springs, MD: Author.
58.
Perloff, R. (2000) `The Press and Lynchings of African Americans' , Journal of Black Studies30: 315-30.
59.
Phillips, L. (2000) `Recontextualizing Kenneth B. Clark: An Afrocentric Perspective on the Paradoxical Legacy of a Model Psychologist-Activist', History of Psychology3: 142-67.
60.
Reynolds, C. and Brown, R. (1984) Perspectives on Bias in Mental Testing. New York: Plenum Press.
61.
Richards, G. (1997) Race, Racism, and Psychology: Towards a Reflective History. New York: Routledge.
62.
Robinson, M. and Meenes, M. (1947) `The Relationship Between Test Intelligence of Third Grade Negro Children and the Occupations of Their Parents', Journal of Negro Education16: 136-41.
63.
Rose, K., Rosenbaum, T., Gretchen, K. and Allston-Rieder, P. (1993) A Survey of Sources at the Rockefeller Archive Center for the Study of African-American History and Race Relations. Rockefeller Archive Center: Author.
64.
Schwartz, R. (1959) `The Law and Behavioral Science Program at Yale: A Sociologist's Account of Some Experiences', Law School Developments12: 91-98.
65.
Shurr, M. (1947) Evaluation Report of the IllinoisInstitute for Juvenile Research. Institute for Juvenile Research.
66.
Slater, R. (1980) `The Organizational Origins of Public School Psychology' , Educational Studies2: 1-12.
67.
State of Illinois (1933) Pay Roll Voucher: Public Welfare, Criminologist, and Institute for Juvenile Research . Chicago, IL: State Civil Service Commission.
68.
Tanser, H. (1941) Intelligence of Negro of Mixed Blood in Canada' , Journal of Negro Education4: 650-52.
69.
Thomas, W. (1982) `Black Intellectuals Critique of Early Mental Testing: A Little Known Saga of the 1920s', American Journal of Education90: 258-92.
70.
Thomas, W. (1984) `Black Intellectuals, Intelligence Testing in the 1930s and the Sociology of Knowledge', Teachers College Record85: 477-501.
71.
Urban, W. (1999) `The Black Scholar and Intelligence Testing: The Case of Horace Mann Bond', Journal of the History of Behavioral Sciences25: 323-34.
72.
Valencia, R. and Suzuki, L. (2001) Intelligence Testing and Minority Students: Foundations Performance Factors and Assessment Issues. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
73.
Williams, W., Dotson, W., Don, P. and Williams, W. (1980) `The War Against Testing: A Current Status Report' , Journal of Negro Education49: 263-73.
74.
Winston, A. (ed.) (2004) Defining Difference: Race and Racism in the History of Psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association .
75.
Witmer, L. (1996) `Clinical Psychology: Reprint of Witmer's 1907 Article', American Psychologist51: 248-51.
76.
Beckham, A. (1917) Characteristics and Decline of Negro Dialects. Unpublished thesis.
77.
Beckham, A. (1924) `Applied Eugenics', The Crisis28: 177-8.
78.
Beckham, A. (1929) `Is the Negro Happy?', Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology24: 186-90.
79.
Beckham, A. (1930) `Minimum Intelligence Levels for Several Occupations' , Personnel Journal9: 309-13.
80.
Beckham, A. (1930) `The Negro and the New Psychology', Opportunity: Journal of Negro Life8: 181-2.
81.
Beckham, A. (1931) `Juvenile Delinquency and the Negro', Opportunity: Journal of Negro Life9: 300-2.
82.
Beckham, A. (1931) `The Behavior Problem Clinic and the Negro Child' , Opportunity: Journal of Negro Life9: 111-23.
83.
Beckham, A. (1932) `Juvenile Crime', Journal of Juvenile Research16: 66-76.
84.
Beckham, A. (1932) `Mental Hygiene and Character Education', Mental Hygiene16: 259-63.
85.
Beckham, A. (1932) `Race and Intelligence', Opportunity: Journal of Negro Life10: 240-2.
86.
Beckham, A. (1932) `The Negro Child of Pre-School Age', The Southern Workman61: 221-6.
87.
Beckham, A. (1933) A Study of the Intelligence of Colored Adolescents of Different Socioeconomic Status in Typical Metropolitan Areas', Journal of Social Psychology4: 70-91.
88.
Beckham, A. (1933) `Over-suggestibility in Juvenile Delinquency', Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology28: 172-8.
89.
Beckham, A. (1934) `A Study of Race Attitudes in Negro Children of Adolescent Age', Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology29: 18-29.
90.
Beckham, A. (1938) `A Study of Weight and Stature of Negro City Children of Adolescent Age', Human Biology10: 124-35.
91.
Beckham, A. (1939) `The Intelligence of a Negro High School Population in a Northern City', Journal of Genetic Psychology54: 327-36.
92.
Beckham, A. (1940) `A Study of Social Background and Music Ability of Superior Negro Children', Psychological Bulletin37: 590-7.
93.
Beckham, A. (1942a) A study of social background and art aptitude of superior Negro children. Journal of Applied Psychology26: 777-84.
94.
Beckham, A. (1942b) `A Study of Social Background and Music Ability of Superior Negro Children', Journal of Applied Psychology26: 210-17.
95.
Beckham, A. (1946) `Albinism in Negro Children', Journal of Genetic Psychology69: 199-215.
96.
Beckham, A. (1953) `The Incidence of Frustration in a Counseled as Compared to an Uncounseled High School Group', Mental Hygiene37: 445-9.
