The behavior-based approach to managing occupational risk and preventing workplace injuries is reviewed. Unlike the typical top-down control approach to industrial safety, behavior-based safety (BBS) provides tools and procedures workers can use to take personal control of occupational risks. Strategies the author and his colleagues have been using for more than a decade to teach BBS to safety leaders and line workers are presented. In addition, a conceptual model is proposed for matching the awareness and behavior of an individual with a particular BBS intervention technique.
Allen, J. (1990). I saw what you did and I know who you are: Bloopers, blunders and success stories in giving and receiving recognition. Tucker, GA: Performance Management.
2.
Alvero, A. M., Bucklin, B. R., & Austin, J. (2001). An objective review of the effectiveness and characteristics of performance feedback in organizational settings (1985-1998). Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 21, 3-29.
3.
Aronson, E. (1999). The power of self-persuasion. American Psychologist, 54, 875-884.
4.
Austin, J., Kessler, M. L., Riccobono, J. E., & Bailey, J. S. (1996). Using feedback and reinforcement to improve the performance and safety of a roofing crew. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 16, 49-75.
5.
Balcazar, F., Hopkins, B. L., & Suarez, I. (1986). A critical, objective review of performance feedback. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 7, 65-89.
6.
Bem, D. J. (1972). Self-perception theory. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 6, pp. 1-60). New York: Academic.
7.
Brehm, J. W. (1966). A theory of psychological reactance. New York: Academic.
8.
Brehm, J. W. (1972). Responses to loss of freedom: A theory of psychological reactance. New York: General Learning.
9.
Carnegie, D. (1936). How to win friends and influence people. New York:Simonand Schuster.
10.
Daniels, A. C. (2000). Bringing out the best in people: How to apply the astonishing power of positive reinforcement (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
11.
Daniels, A. C. (2001). Other people’s habits: How to use positive reinforcement to bring out the best in people around you. New York: McGraw-Hill.
12.
Geller, E. S. (1996). The truth about safety incentives. Professional Safety, 41 (10), 34-39.
13.
Geller, E. S. (1997a). Key processes for continuous safety improvement: Behavior-based recognition and celebration. Professional Safety, 42 (10), 40-44.
14.
Geller, E. S. (1997b). What is behavior-based safety, anyway?Occupational Health and Safety, 66, 25-35.
15.
Geller, E. S. (1998a). Principles of behavior based safety. Proceeding of The American Society of Safety Engineers Behavioral Safety Symposium, Light Up Safety in the New Millennium (p. 1324). Des Plaines, IL: American Society of Safety Engineers.
16.
Geller, E. S. (1998b). Understanding behavior-based safety: Step-by-step methods to improve your workplace (2nd ed.). Neenah, WI: J. J. Keller & Associates.
17.
Geller, E. S. (2001a). Beyond safety accountability. Rockville, MD: Government Institutes.
18.
Geller, E. S. (2001b). Building successful safety teams. Rockville, MD: Government Institutes.
19.
Geller, E. S. (2001c). Sustaining participation in a safety improvement process: Ten relevant principles from behavioral science. Professional Safety, 46 (9), 24-29.
20.
Geller, E. S. (2001d). The psychology of safety handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC.
21.
Geller, E. S. (2001e). Working safe: How to help people actively care for health and safety (2nd ed.). New York: Lewis.
22.
Geller, E. S. (2002). The participation factor: How to increase involvement in occupational safety. Des Plaines, IL: American Society of Safety Engineers.
23.
Geller, E. S., & Clarke, S. W. (1999). Safety self-management: A key behavior based process for injury prevention. Professional Safety, 44 (7), 29-33.
24.
Geller, E. S., & Williams, J. H. (Eds.). (2001). Keys to behavior-based safety from safety performance solutions. Rockville, MD: Government Institutes.
25.
Goldstein, A. P., & Krasner, L. (1987). Modern applied psychology. New York: Pergamon.
26.
Greene, B. F., Winett, R. A., Van Houten, R., Geller, E. S., & Iwata, B. A. (Eds.). (1987). Behavior analysis in the community: Readings from the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas.
27.
Grindle, A. C., Dickinson, A. M., & Boettcher, W. (2000). Behavioral safety research in manufacturing settings: A review of the literature. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 20, 29-68.
28.
Krause, T. R. (1995). Employee-driven systems for safe behavior: Integrating behavioral and statistical methodologies. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
29.
Krause, T. R., Hidley, J. H., & Hodson, S. J. (1996). The behavior-based safety process: Managing improvement for an injury-free culture (2nd ed.). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
30.
Leigh, J. (1995). Causes of death in the workplace. Westport, CN: Quorum.
31.
McAfee, R. B., & Winn, A. R. (1989). The use of incentives/feedback to enhance workplace safety: A critique of the literature. Journal of Safety Research, 20, 7-19.
32.
McSween, T. E. (1995). The values-based safety process: Improving your safety culture with a behavioral approach. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
33.
Miller, T. R. (1997). Estimating the costs of injury to U.S. employers. Journal of Safety Research, 28, 1-13.
34.
O’Brien, D. P. (2000). Business measurements for safety performance. New York: Lewis.
35.
Parsons, H. M. (1974). What happened at Hawthorne?Science, 183, 922-932.
36.
Petersen, D. (1989). Safe behavior reinforcement. Goshen, NY: Aloray.
37.
Petersen, D. (2001). Authentic involvement. Itasca, IL: National Safety Council.
38.
Sidman, M. (1989). Coercion and its fallout. Boston, MA: Authors Cooperative.
39.
Skinner, B. F. (1938). The behavior of organisms: An experimental analysis. Acton, MA: Copley.
40.
Skinner, B. F. (1950). Are theories of learning necessary?Psychological Review, 57, 193-216.
41.
Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and human behavior. New York: Macmillan.
42.
Skinner, B. F. (1971). Beyond freedom and dignity. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
43.
Skinner, B. F. (1974). About behaviorism. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
44.
Sulzer-Azaroff, B. (1998). Who killed my daddy? A behavioral safety fable. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies.
45.
Sulzer-Azaroff, B., & Austin, J. (2000). Does BBS work? Behavior-based safety and injury reduction: A survey of the evidence. Professional Safety, 45 (7), 19-24.
46.
Sulzer-Azaroff, B., McCann, K. B., & Harris, T. C. (2001). The safe performance approach to preventing job-related illness and injury. In C. M. Johnson, W. K. Redmon, &T.C. Mawhinney (Eds.). Handbook of organizational performance: Behavior analysis and management (pp. 277-302). New York: Haworth.
47.
Sulzer-Azaroff, B., & de Santamaria, M. C. (1980). Industrial safety hazard reduction through performance feedback. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 13, 287-295.
48.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (1998). Safety and health statistics. Retrieved on February 7, 2000 from http://www.bls.gov/stat.
49.
Watson, D. L., & Tharpe, R. G. (2002). Self-directed behavior: Self-modification for personal adjustment (8th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
50.
Williams, J. H., & Geller, E. S. (2000). Behavior-based intervention for occupational safety: Critical impact of social comparison feedback. Journal of Safety Research, 31, 135-142.
51.
Zohar, D., Cohen, A., & Azar, N. (1980). Promoting increased use of ear protectors in noise through information feedback. Human Factors, 22, 69-79.