Existing conceptualizations of civil society often emphasize its distinction from political institutions and individuals. This article argues for a systematic review of the relationships between civic and political leaders in Latin America, since many civic leaders turn (or return) to political activities in order to carry out local work better. There exist a variety of nuanced relationships between the civil and the political realms. Examples from civil–political relationships in the Dominican Republic in 1999 illustrate this variety of alliances between civic leaders and political parties and demonstrate that they are not necessarily harmful to the democratic order.
Brysk, Alison (2000). “Democratizing Civil Society in Latin America” , Journal of Democracy11(3): 151–165 .
2.
Castells, Manuel (1983). The City and the Grassroots: A Cross-Cultural Theory of Urban Social Movements. Berkeley: University of California Press .
3.
Chalmers, D.A. , Martin, S.B. and Piester, K. (1997a). “Associative Networks: New Structures of Representation for the Popular Sectors?” in D.A. Chalmers , C.M. Vilas , K. Hite , S.B. Martin , K. Piester and M. Segarra (eds), The New Politics of Inequality in Latin America: Rethinking Participation and Representation. Oxford: Oxford University Press .
4.
Chalmers, D.A. , Vilas, C.M. , Hite, K. , Martin, S.B. , Piester, K. and Segarra, M. (1997b). The New Politics of Inequality in Latin America: Rethinking Participation and Representation. Oxford: Oxford University Press .
5.
Chandhoke, Neera (2001). “The ‘Civil’ and the ‘Political’ in Civil Society” , Democratization2(2): 1–24 .
6.
Coppedge, Michael (1994). Strong Parties and Lame Ducks: Presidential Partyarchy and Factionalism in Venezuela. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press .
7.
Davis, Diane E. (1997). “New Social Movements, Old Party Structures: Discursive and Organizational Transformations in Mexican and Brazilian Party Politics,” in William C. Smith and Roberto Patricio Korseniewicz (eds), Politics, Social Change, and Economic Restructuring in Latin America. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner .
8.
Diamond, L. , Hartlyn, J. and Linz, J.J. (1999). “Introduction: Politics, Society, and Democracy in Latin America,” in L. Diamond , J. Hartlyn , J.J. Linz and S.M. Lipset (eds), Democracy in Developing Countries: Latin America, Vol. 4, 2nd edn.Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner .
9.
Duarte, I. , Brea, R. and Holguín, R.T. (1998). Cultura Política y Democracia en la Republica Dominicana, 1997. Santo Domingo: Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra .
10.
Ellner, Steve (1999). “Obstacles to the Consolidation of the Venezuelan Neighborhood Movement: National and Local Cleavages” , Journal of Latin American Studies31: 75–97 .
11.
Espinal, Rosario (2001). “La sociedad civil movilizada y las reformas democráticas en la República Dominicana” , Estado7(21): 101–132 .
12.
Fox, Jonathan (1997). “The Difficult Transition from Clientelism to Citizenship: Lessons from Mexico,” in D.A. Chalmers , C.M. Vilas , K. Hite , S.B. Martin , K. Piester and M. Segarra (eds), The New Politics of Inequality in Latin America: Rethinking Participation and Representation. Oxford: Oxford University Press .
13.
Hartlyn, Jonathan (1998). The Struggle for Democratic Politics in the Dominican Republic. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press .
14.
Hipsher, Patricia L. (1998). “Democratic Transitions as Protest Cycles: Social Movement Dynamics in Democratizing Latin America,” in David S. Meyer and Sidney Tarrow (eds), The Social Movement Society: Contentious Politics for a New Century. Lanham, MD: Rowan and Littlefield .
15.
Jelin, Elizabeth (1997). “Emergent Citizenship or Exclusion? Social Movements and Non-Governmental Organizations in the 1990s,” in William C. Smith and Roberto Patricio Korseniewicz (eds), Politics, Social Change, and Economic Restructuring in Latin America. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner .
16.
Linz, J.J. and Stepan, A. (1996). Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press .
17.
Mainwaring, Scott (1999). Rethinking Party Systems in the Third Wave of Democratization: The Case of Brazil. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press .
18.
Mainwaring, Scott and Scully, Timothy R. (1995). “Conclusion: Parties and Democracy in Latin America: Different Patterns, Common Challenges,” in Scott Mainwaring and Timothy R. Scully (eds), Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press .
19.
O'Donnell, G. and Schmitter, P. (1986). Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press .
20.
Oxhorn, Philip D. (1995). Organizing Civil Society: The Popular Sectors and the Struggle for Democracy in Chile. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press .
21.
Piattoni, Simona , ed. (2001). Clientelism, Interests and Democratic Representation: The European Experience in Historical and Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
22.
Portes, Alejandro and Itzigsohn, José (1997). “The Party or the Grassroots: A Comparative Analysis of Urban Political Participation in the Caribbean Basin,” in William C. Smith and Roberto Patricio Korseniewicz (eds), Politics, Social Change, and Economic Restructuring in Latin America. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner .
23.
Powers, Nancy R. (2001). Grassroots Expectations of Democracy and Economy: Argentina in Comparative Perspective. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press .
24.
Roberts, Kenneth M. (1998). Deepening Democracy? The Modern Left and Social Movements in Chile and Peru. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press .
25.
Roberts, Kenneth M. and Wibbels, Erik (1997). “Party Systems and Electoral Volatility in Latin America: A Test of Economic, Institutional, and Structural Explanations.” Paper presented at the 1997 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, August28–31 .
26.
Roxborough, Ian (1997). “Citizenship and Social Movements under Neoliberalism,” in William C. Smith and Roberto Patricio Korseniewicz (eds), Politics, Social Change, and Economic Restructuring in Latin America. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner .
27.
Rueschemeyer, D. , Stevens, E.H. and Stevens, J.D. (1992). Capitalist Development and Democracy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press .
28.
Stokes, Susan C. (1995). Cultures in Conflict: Social Movements and the State in Peru. Berkeley: University of California Press .
29.
Wiarda, Howard J. (1999). “The Dominican Republic: Mirror Legacies of Democracy and Authoritarianism,” in L. Diamond , J. Hartlyn , J.J. Linz and S.M. Lipset (eds), Democracy in Developing Countries: Latin America, Vol. 4, 2nd edn.Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner .
30.
Wiarda, Howard J. and Kline, Harvey F. , eds (1990). Latin American Politics and Development. Boulder, CO: Westview Press .
