This essay on feminism focuses on intersectional analysis, an emerging, important theoretical contribution by feminism to sociology. Intersectional analysis involves the concurrent analyses of multiple, intersecting (and interacting) sources of subordination/oppression. There are early examples of publications based on this type of analysis around 1980 in North America and Britain, but it was only a decade later that its use started to become more widespread. Its development at different rates in various parts of the world is selectively explored, as well as some of the types of publications in which it has been used.
Cet essai sur le féminisme porte essentiellement sur l'analyse intersectionnelle; celle-ci, encore á ses débuts, constitue une contribution théorique importante du féminisme á la sociologie. L'analyse intersectionnelle consiste à analyser simultanément de multiples foyers de subordination/oppression qui se croisent et agissent en interaction. On trouve les premières publications basées sur ce type d'analyse vers 1980 en Amérique du Nord et en Grande-Bretagne mais ce n'est qu'une dizaine d'années plus tard que l'usage en est devenu plus répandu. Son développement á différents rythmes dans diverses parties du monde fait l'objet d'une étude de quelques cas, de même en ce qui concerne les divers genres de publications dans lesquelles cette analyse est appliquée.
Este ensayo sobre el feminismo se centra en el análisis interseccional, una importante y emergente contribución teórica del feminismo a la sociología. El análisis interseccional implica el análisis concurrente de múltiples fuentes de opresión-subordinación que se intersectan (e interactuan). Hay ejemplos anteriores de publicaciones basadas en este tipo de análisis alrededor de 1980 en Norteamérica y Gran Bretaña, pero fue únicamente una década después que su uso comenzó a extenderse. Su desarrollo a diferentes niveles en varias partes del mundo se explora selectivamente, asícomo algunos de los tipos de publicaciones en las cuales se ha utilizado.
Abu-Laban, Yaseem and Gabriel, Christina (2002) Selling Diversity: Immigration, Multiculturalism, Employment Equity and Globalization. Peterborough: Broadview Press.
2.
Adam, Dyane , eds (1996) Femmes francophones et pluralisme en milieu minoritaire [Francophone Women and Pluralism in a Minority Context]. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press.
3.
Agnew, Vijay (1996) Resisting Discrimination: Women from Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean and the Women's Movement. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
4.
Alexander, M. Jacqui and Mohanty, Chandra Talpade , eds (1997) Feminist Genealogies, Colonial Legacies, Democratic Futures. New York and London: Routledge.
Anthias, Floya and Yuval-Davis, Nira (1983) `Contextualising Feminism: Gender, Ethnic and Class Divisions' , Feminist Review15: 62-73.
7.
Bailey, Barbara and Leo-Rhynie, Elsa , eds (2004) Gender in the 21st Century . Kingston , Jamaica: Ian Randle .
8.
Bannerji, Himani (2000) The Darker Side of Nation: Essays on Multiculturalism, Nationalism and Gender. Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press.
9.
Barriteau, Eudine (1994) `Gender and Development Planning in the Post Colonial Caribbean: Female Entrepreneurs and the Barbadian State', PhD dissertation , Howard University, Washington, DC.
10.
Barriteau, Eudine (2001) The Political Economy of Gender in the Twentieth-Century Caribbean. Basingstoke and New York : Palgrave.
11.
Barriteau, Eudine , ed. (2003) Confronting Power, Theorizing Gender: Interdisciplinary Perspectives in the Caribbean. Kingston , Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press .
12.
Bisilliat, Jeanne , ed. (1996) Femmes du sud, chefs de famille [Women in the South, Household Heads]. Paris: Éditions Karthala.
13.
Bisilliat, Jeanne , ed. (1997) Face aux changements, les femmes du sud [In the Face of Change, Women of the South]. Paris: L'Harmattan.
14.
Bisilliat, Jeanne and Fieloux, Michele , eds (1983) Femmes du tiers-monde: travail et quotidien [Third World Women: Work and Daily Life]. Paris: Le Sycomore.
15.
Boyd, Monica (1999) `Integrating Gender, Language, and Race', in S. Halli and L. Driedger (eds) Immigrant Canada: Demographic, Economic, and Social Challenges, pp. 282-306. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
16.
Calliste, Agnes and Dei, George Sefa with the assistance of Margarida Aguiar , eds (2000) Anti-Racist Feminism: Critical Race and Gender Studies. Halifax: Fernwood.
17.
Canadian Ethnic Studies/Études ethniques au Canada (1981) Special issue on `Ethnicity and Femininity', 13(1).
18.
Carby, Hazel (1982) `White Women Listen!! Black Feminism and the Boundaries of Sisterhood', in Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (ed.) The Empire Strikes Back, pp. 212-35. London: Hutchinson .
19.
Cardinal, Linda (1997) `Des femmes d'action: l'autre histoire de l'Ontario français, de 1969 à 1982' `Women of Action: The Other History of Francophone Ontario from 1969 to 1982', in Monique Hébert , Nathalie Kermoal and Phyllis Leblanc (eds) Entre le quotidien et le politique: facettes de l'histoire des femmes en milieu minoritaire [Between Daily Life and the Political: Aspects of the History of Women in a Minority Context], pp. 159-93. Ottawa: Réseau national d'action-éducation femmes.
Combahee River Collective (1978) `A Black Feminist Statement', in Zillah Eisenstein (ed.) Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism, pp. 362-72. New York: Monthly Review Press.
22.
Côté, Andrée , Kérisit, Michèle and Côté, Marie-Louise (2001) Sponsorship… for Better or for Worse: The Impact of Sponsorship on the Equality Rights of Immigrant Women. Ottawa: Status of Women Canada .
23.
Crenshaw, Kimberle (1989) `Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics', University of Chicago Legal Forum138-67.
24.
Dagenais, Huguette , ed. (1999) Pluralité et convergences: la recherche féministe dans la Francophonie [Plurality and Convergence: French Language Feminist Research]. Montréal : Éditions du remue-ménage.
25.
Dagenais, Huguette and Piché, Denise , eds (1994) Women, Feminism and Development/Femmes, féminisme et développement. Montréal: McGill Queen's University Press for Canadian Research Institute for the Advancement of Women.
26.
Davis, Angela (1981) Women, Race and Class. New York : Random House.
27.
Delphy, Christine (2006) `Antisexisme ou antiracism? Un faux dilemme' [`Antisexism or Antiracism? A False Dilemma'] , Nouvelles questions féministes25(1): 59-83.
28.
Denis, Ann (1981) `Femmes: ethnie et occupation au Québec et en Ontario' [`Women: Ethnicity and Occupation in Québec and Ontario'] , Canadian Ethnic Studies13(1): 75-90.
29.
Denis, Ann (1986) `Adaptation to Multiple Subordination? Women in the Vertical Mosaic' , Canadian Ethnic Studies18(3): 61-74.
30.
Denis, Ann (2001) `Multiple Identities . . . Multiple Marginalities: Franco-Ontarian Feminism', Gender and Society15(3): 453-7.
31.
Denis, Ann and Ollivier, Michèle (2003) `How Wired are Canadian Women?', in Andrea Martinez and Meryn Stuart (eds) Out of the Ivory Tower , pp. 251-69. Toronto: Sumach Press.
32.
Eichler, Margrit (1985) `And the Work Never Ends: Feminist Contributions' , Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology22(5): 619-44.
33.
Fédération nationale des femmes canadiennes-françaises (1981) Femmes et Francophones: double infériorité [Women and French-Speaking: Double Inferiority]. Ottawa: La Fédération nationale des femmes canadiennes-françaises.
34.
Feminist Review (1998) Special issue on `Rethinking Caribbean Difference', No. 59.
35.
Garceau, Marie-Luce , ed. (1992) Relevons le défi [Let Us Rise to the Challenge]. Ottawa : Presses de l'Université d'Ottawa.
36.
Gill, Margaret and Massiah, Joycelin , eds (1984) Women and Work. Cave Hill, BarbadosInstitute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies .
37.
Guillaumin, Colette (1995) Racism, Sexism, Power and Ideology. London and New York: Routledge .
38.
Haase-Dubosc, Danielle and Lal, Maneesha (2006) `De la Postcolonie et des femmes: apports théoriques du postcolonialisme anglophone aux etudes féministes' [About Postcolonialities and Women: Theoretical Contributions of English Language Postcolonialism to Feminist Studies] , Nouvelles questions féministes25(3): 33-55.
39.
Hébert, Monique , Kermoal, Nathalie and Leblanc, Phyllis , eds (1997) Entre le quotidien et le politique. Facettes de l'histoire des femmes francophones en milieu minoritaire [Between Daily Life and the Political: Aspects of the History of Women in a Minority Context] . Gloucester , ON: Le Réseau national d'action education femmes .
40.
hooks, bell (1981) Ain't I a Woman? Black Women and Feminism. Boston, MA: South End Press.
41.
hooks, bell (1984) Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center. Boston, MA: South End Press.
42.
Juteau, Danielle (1999a) `From Nation-Church to Nation-State: Evolving Sex-Gender Relations in Québec Society', Caren Kaplan , Norma Alarcón and Minoo Moallem (eds) Between Women and Nation, pp. 142-61. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press.
43.
Juteau, Danielle (1999b) `De la fragmentation à l'unité. Vers l'articulation des rapports sociaux' [`From Fragmentation to Unity: Towards an Articulation of Social Relations'], L'Ethnicité et ses frontiers [Ethnicity and its Boundaries] , pp. 103-29. Montréal: Presses de l'Université de Montréal . (Originally published in Bélanger , Roderigue , ed. [1994] L'Égalitarisme en Question [Egalitarianism in Question], pp. 81-108. Montréal: Fides.)
44.
Juteau-Lee, Danielle (1981) `Visions partielles, visions partiales: visions des minoritaires en sociologie' [`Partial and Engaged Visions: The Visions of Minorities in Sociology'] , Sociologie et sociétés [Sociology and Societies]13(2): 33-47.
45.
Juteau-Lee, Danielle and Roberts, Barbara (1981) `Ethnicity and Femininity: (d')après nos expériences' [`Based on our Experiences'], introduction to a special issue co-edited by Juteau-Lee and Roberts on `Ethnicity and Femininity' , Canadian Ethnic Studies13(1): 1-23.
46.
Knapp, Gudrun-Axeli (2005) `Race, Class , Gender: Reclaiming Baggage in Fast Travelling Theories', European Journal of Women's Studies12(3): 249-65.
47.
Labreque, Marie France (2001) `Présentation. Perspectives anthropologiques et féministes de l'économie politique' `Introduction . Anthropological and Feminist Perspectives in Political Economy', Anthropologie et sociétés [Anthropology and Societies]25(1): 5-21.
48.
Leo-Rhynie, Elsa , Bailey, Barbara and Barrow, Christine , eds (1997) Gender: A Caribbean Multi-Disciplinary Perspective . Kingston , Jamaica: Ian Randle .
49.
McCall, Leslie (2001) Complex Inequality: Gender, Class and Race in the New Economy. New York: Routledge .
50.
McCall, Leslie (2005) `The Complexity of Intersectionality' , Signs30(3): 1771-800.
51.
Massiah, Joycelin (1986) `Work in the Lives of Caribbean Women' , Social and Economic Studies35(2): 177-239.
52.
Michaud, Jacinthe (2005) Conscience subalterne, conscience identitaire: la voix des femmes assistées au sein des organisations féministes et communautaires [Subaltern Consciousness, Consciousness of Identity: The Voice of Women on Social Assistance in Feminist and Community Organizations]. Ottawa: Presses de l'Université d'Ottawa.
53.
Mohammed, Patricia (2001) `The "Creolization" of Indian Women in Trinidad' , in Christine Barrow and Rhoda Reddock (eds) Caribbean Sociology, pp. 403-13. Kingston , Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Ian Randle, Markus Weiner and James Currey . (Orig. pub. 1988.)
54.
Mohammed, Patricia , ed. (2002a) Gendered Realities. Kingston , Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press and Centre for Gender and Development Studies .
55.
Mohammed, Patricia (2002b) Gender Neogtiations among Indians in Trinidad, 1917-1947. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave .
56.
Mohammed, Patricia and Shepherd, Catherine , eds (1988) Gender in Caribbean Development. Mona, Jamaica, St Augustine , Trinidad and Tobago and Cave Hill , Barbados: University of the West Indies, Women and Development Studies Project .
57.
Mohanty, Chandra Talpede (1988) `Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses' , Feminist Review30: 61-88.
58.
Nadal, Marie-José (2003) `Entre innovation et conservation: la nouvelle broderie commerciale maya' [`Between Innovation and Conservation: The New Commercialized Mayan Embroidery'] , Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology40(5): 543-64.
59.
Ng, Roxana (1996) The Politics of Community Services: Immigrant Women, Class and State, 2nd edn. Halifax : Fernwood.
60.
Nicholson, Linda , ed. (1990) Feminism/Postmodernism. New York and London: Routledge.
61.
Poiret, Christian (2005) `Articuler les rapports de sexe, de classe et interethniques: quelques enseignements du débat nord-américain' [`Articulating Gender , Class and Ethnic Relations: Some Lessons from the North American Debate'], Revue européenne des migrations internationales [European Journal of International Migration]21(1): 195-226.
62.
Reddock, Rhoda (1998) `Challenging Sociology: Feminist Critical Reconceptualisations and Caribbean Contributions', in Linda Christiansen-Ruffman (ed.) The Global Feminist Enlightenment: Women and Social Knowledge, pp. 45-58. Madrid: International Sociological Association.
63.
Reddock, Rhoda , ed. (2004) Interrogating Caribbean Masculinities. Kingston , Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press .
64.
Resources for Feminist Research (1987) Special issue on `Immigrant Women/Les femmes immigrées' 16(1).
65.
Schermerhorn, R.A. (1970) Comparative Ethnic Relations. New York: Random House.
66.
Social and Economic Studies (1986a) Special issue on `Women in the Caribbean', Part 1.
67.
Social and Economic Studies (1986b) Special issue on `Women in the Caribbean', Part 2.
68.
Stasiulis, Daiva (1987) `Rainbow Feminism: Perspectives on Minority Women in Canada' , Resources for Feminist Research16(1): 5-9.
69.
Stasiulis, Daiva (1999) `Feminist Intersectional Theorizing', in Peter Li (ed.) Race and Ethnic Relations in Canada, 2nd edn, pp. 347-97. Toronto: Oxford University Press Canada.
70.
Stasiulis, Daiva and Yuval-Davis, Nira , eds (1995) Unsettling Settler Societies: Articulations of Gender, Race, Ethnicity and Class. London : Sage.
71.
Tastsoglou, Evangelia and Dobrowolsky, Alexandra , eds (2006) Women, Migration and Citizenship. Aldershot and Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
