This study examined the experiences of peer and adult victimization of 737 12-year-old Finnish students. Of the respondents, 28.4% had experienced peer or adult, or both kinds of violence. Peer violence was the most common type of violence, while adult violence was rare. The associations between victimization and depression, somatization and violent ideation were analyzed among different victim groups and among nonvictims. Peer victimization predicted depression, somatization, and violent ideation. Those victimized by both peers and adults had the highest number of symptoms but the small sample size precluded statistical decision making. Controlling for the number of close friends, relations with parents or experiences of parents’ fighting or drinking did not eliminate the association between victimization and the psychobiological symptoms studied.
AmatoP. R.KeithB. (1991). Parental divorce and the well-being of children: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 110(1), 26-46.
2.
ApelR.BurrowJ. D. (2011). Adolescent victimization and violent self-help. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 9(2), 112-133.
3.
BaldryA. C. (2005). Protective factors as moderators of risk factors in adolescence bullying. Social Psychology of Education, 8, 263.
4.
BennettD. S.SullivanM. W.LewisM. (2005). Young children’s adjustment as a function of maltreatment, shame, and anger. Child Maltreatment, 10, 311-323.
5.
BollmerJ. M.MilichR.HarrisM. J.MarasM. A. (2005). A friend in need. The role of friendship quality as a protective factor in peer victimization and bullying. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20, 710-712.
6.
Boney-McCoyS.FinkelhorD. (1996). Is youth victimization related to trauma symptoms and depression after controlling for prior symptoms and family relationships? A longitudinal, prospective study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 1406-1416.
7.
CampbellC.SchwarzD. F. (1996). Prevalence and impact of exposure to interpersonal violence among suburban and urban middle school students. Pediatrics, 98, 396-402.
8.
ChaplinL. (2009). PleasemayI have a bike? Better yet, may I have a hug? An examination of children’s and adolescents’ happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10, 541-562.
9.
ChassinL.RogoschF.BarreraM. (1991). Substance use and symptomatology among adolescent children of alcoholics. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 449-463.
ColarossiL. G.EcclesJ. S. (2003). Differential effects of support providers on adolescents’ mental health. Social Work Research, 27(1), 19-30.
12.
CoyneJ. C. (1976). Depression and the response to others. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 85, 186-193.
13.
DeshaL. N.NicholsonJ. M.ZivianiJ. M. (2011). Adolescent depression and time spent with parents and siblings. Social Indicators Research, 101, 233-238.
14.
DienerE.OishiS. (2005). The nonobvious social psychology of happiness. Psychological Inquiry, 16, 162-167.
15.
DowneyG.CoyneJ. C. (1990). Children of depressed parents: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 108(1), 50-76.
16.
DubeS. R.AndaR. F.FelittiV. J.ChapmanD. P.WilliamsonD. F.GilesW. H. (2001). Childhood abuse, household dysfunction, and the risk of attempted suicide throughout the life span. Journal of the American Medical Association, 286, 3089-3096.
17.
DuRantR. H.GettsA.CadenheadC.EmansS. J.WoodsE. R. (1995). Exposure to violence and victimization, depression, hopelessness, and purpose in life among adolescents living in and around public housing. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 16, 233-238.
18.
EllonenN.KääriäinenJ.SalmiV.SariolaH. (2008). Lasten ja nuorten väkivaltakokemukset - tutkimus 6. ja 9. luokan oppilaiden kokemasta väkivallasta [the experiences of violence among children and young people] (Poliisiammattikorkeakoulun raportteja 71/2008. oikeuspoliittisen tutkimuslaitoksen tiedonantoja 87). Tampere: Police College of Finland.
19.
FinkelhorD. (2005). The victimization of children and youth: A comprehensive, national survey. Child Maltreatment, 10(1), 5.
20.
FinkelhorD. (2008). Childhood victimization: Violence, crime, and abuse in the lives of young people. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
21.
FinkelhorD.OrmrodR. K.TurnerH. A. (2007). Poly-victimization: A neglected component in child victimization. Child Abuse Neglect, 31(1), 7-26.
22.
FinkelhorD.TurnerH.OrmrodR. (2006). Kid’s stuff: The nature and impact of peer and sibling violence on younger and older children. Child Abuse Neglect, 30, 1401-1421.
23.
FinneganR. A.HodgesE. V. E.PerryD. G. (1998). Victimization by peers: Associations with children’s reports of mother-child interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1076-1086.
24.
Finnish Statistical Centre. (2012a). Koulutuksen järjestäjät ja oppilaitokset [organizers of education]. Retrieved from http://www.stat.fi/til/kjarj/index.html
HauglandS.WoldB.StevensonJ.AaroeL. E.WoynarowskaB. (2001). Subjective health complaints in adolescence: A cross-national comparison of prevalence and dimensionality. European Journal of Public Health, 11(1), 4-10.
28.
HawkerD. S. J.BoultonM. J. (2000). Twenty years’ research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: A meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines, 41, 441-455.
29.
HerrenkohlT. I.HerrenkohlR. C. (2007). Examining the overlap and prediction of multiple forms of child maltreatment, stressors, and socioeconomic status: A longitudinal analysis of youth outcomes. Journal of Family Violence, 22, 553-562.
30.
HodgesE. V. E.BoivinM.VitaroF.BukowskiW. M. (1999). The power of friendship: Protection against an escalating cycle of peer victimization. Developmental Psychology, 35(1), 94-101.
31.
HolderM. D.ColemanB. (2009). The contribution of social relationships to children’s happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10, 329-349.
32.
HuebnerE. S. (1991). Correlates of life satisfaction in children. School Psychology Quarterly, 6, 103-111.
33.
Kaltiala-HeinoR.RimpeläM.MarttunenM.RimpeläA.RantanenP. (1999). Bullying, depression and suicidal ideation in Finnish adolescents: School survey. British Medical Journal, 319, 348-351.
34.
KärnäA.VoetenM.LittleT. D.PoskipartaE.KaljonenA.SalmivalliC. (2011). A large-scale evaluation of the KiVa antibullying program: Grades 4-6. Child Development, 82, 311-330.
35.
KlomekA. B.MarroccoF.KleinmanM.SchonfeldI.GouldM. (2007). Bullying, depression, and suicidality in adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(1), 40-49.
36.
KochenderferB. J.LaddG. W. (1997). Victimized children’s responses to peers’ aggression: Behaviors associated with reduced versus continued victimization. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 59-73.
37.
KovacsM. (1981). Rating scales to assess depression in school-aged children. Acta Paedopsychiatrica, 46, 305-315.
La GrecaA. M.HarrisonH. M. (2005). Adolescent peer relations, friendships, and romantic relationships: Do they predict social anxiety and depression?Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34(1), 49-61.
41.
Langhinricbsen-RohlingJ.MonsonC. M.MeyerK. A.CasterJ.SandersA. (1998). The associations among family-of-origin violence and young adults’ current depressed, hopeless, suicidal, and life-threatening behavior. Journal of Family Violence, 13, 243-261.
42.
LipowskiZ. J. (1988). Somatization: The concept and its clinical application. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 1358-1368.
43.
LitcherL.BrometE.CarlsonG.GilbertT.PaninaN.GolovakhaE.GarberJ. (2001). Ukrainian application of the children’s somatization inventory: Psychometric properties and associations with internalizing symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29, 165-175.
44.
LittleC. A.WilliamsS. E.PuzanovovaM.RudzinskiE. R.WalkerL. S. (2007). Multiple somatic symptoms linked to positive screen for depression in pediatric patients with chronic abdominal pain. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 44(1), 58-62.
45.
MargolinG. (2000). The effects of family and community violence on children. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 445-479.
46.
MazzaJ. J.ReynoldsW. M. (1999). Exposure to violence in young inner-city adolescents: Relationships with suicidal ideation, depression, and PTSD symptomatology. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27, 203-213.
47.
McDonaldK. L.BowkerJ. C.RubinK. H.LaursenB.DucheneM. S. (2010). Interactions between rejection sensitivity and supportive relationships in the prediction of adolescents’ internalizing difficulties. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 563-574.
48.
MeestersC.MurisP.GhysA.ReumermanT.RooijmansM. (2003). The children’s somatization inventory: Further evidence for its reliability and validity in a pediatric and a community sample of dutch children and adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 28, 413-422.
49.
MollenC. J. (2004). Characterization of interpersonal violence events involving young adolescent girls vs events involving young adolescent boys. Archives of Pediatrics Adolescent Medicine, 158, 545-550.
50.
MosesA. (1999). Exposure to violence, depression, and hostility in a sample of inner city high school youth. Journal of Adolescence, 22(1), 21-32.
51.
NashM. R.HulseyT.SextonM.HarralsonT.LambertW. (1993). Long-term sequelae of childhood sexual abuse: Perceived family environment, psychopathology, and dissociation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 276-283.
52.
NatvigG. K.AlbrektsenG.QvarnstrømU. (2003). Associations between psychosocial factors and happiness among school adolescents. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 9, 166-175.
53.
NewmanB. M.NewmanP. R.GriffenS.O’ConnorK.SpasJ. (2007). The relationship of social support to depressive symptoms during the transition to high school. Adolescence, 42, 441-459.
54.
Nordstrom BaileyB.Delaney-BlackV.HanniganJ. H.AgerJ.SokolR. J.CovingtonC. Y. (2005). Somatic complaints in children and community violence exposure. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 26, 341-348.
55.
OksanenA. (2006). Haavautuva minuus: Väkivallan barokki kontrolliyhteiskunnassa [Wound-subjectivity: Baroque of violence in control society]. Tampere, Finland: Tampere University Press, Nuorisoutkimusseura, julkaisuja 68: Tampereen yliopisto, Yhteiskuntatieteellinen tiedekunta.
56.
PastoreD. R.FisherM.FriedmanS. B. (1996). Violence and mental health problems among urban high school students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 18, 320-324.
57.
PeltonenK.EllonenN.LarsenH. B.Helweg-LarsenK. (2010). Parental violence and adolescent mental health. European Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 19, 813-822.
58.
PuuraK.AlmqvistF.TamminenT.PihaJ.KumpulainenK.RäsänenE.KoivistoA. M. (1998). Children with symptoms of Depression. What do the adults see?Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 39, 577-585.
59.
RuegerS. Y.MaleckiC. K.DemarayM. K. (2010). Relationship between multiple sources of perceived social support and psychological and academic adjustment in early adolescence: Comparisons across gender. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(1), 47-61.
60.
SchwartzD. (2000). Friendship as a moderating factor in the pathway between early harsh home environment and later victimization in the peer group. Developmental Psychology, 36, 646-662.
61.
ShannonR. A.BergrenM. D.MatthewsA. (2010). Frequent visitors: Somatization in school-age children and implications for school nurses. Journal of School Nursing, 26, 169-182.
62.
ShieldsA.CicchettiD. (2001). Parental maltreatment and emotion dysregulation as risk factors for bullying and victimization in middle childhood. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 30, 349-363.
63.
SimolaH. (2005). The finnish miracle of PISA: Historical and sociological remarks on teaching and teacher education. Comparative Education, 41, 455-470. doi:10.1080/03050060500317810
64.
SimonelliC. J.MullisT.ElliottA. N.PierceT. W. (2002). Abuse by siblings and subsequent experiences of violence within the dating relationship. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 17(2), 103-121.
65.
SimonsR. L.JohnsonC.CongerR. D. (1994). Harsh corporal punishment versus quality of parental involvement as an explanation of adolescent maladjustment. Journal of Marriage and Family, 56, 591-607.
66.
SingerM. I. (1994). The mental health consequences of adolescents’ exposure to violence. Cleveland, OH: Center for Practice Innovations, Case Western Reserve University. Center for Practice Innovations, Case Western Reserve University
67.
SmetanaJ. G.TothS. L.CicchettiD.BruceJ.KaneP.DaddisC. (1999). Maltreated and nonmaltreated preschoolers’ conceptions of hypothetical and actual moral transgressions. Developmental Psychology, 35, 269-281.
68.
SouranderA.MultimäkiP.NikolakarosG.HaavistoA.RistkariT.HeleniusH.AlmqvistF. (2005). Childhood predictors of psychiatric disorders among boys: A prospective community-based follow-up study from age 8 years to early adulthood. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 756-767.
69.
SternbergK. J.LambM. E.GutermanE.AbbottC. B. (2006). Effects of early and later family violence on children’s behavior problems and depression: A longitudinal, multi-informant perspective. Child Abuse & Neglect, 30, 283-306.
70.
StrohscheinL. (2005). Parental divorce and child mental health trajectories. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 1286-1300.
71.
StuewigJ.McCloskeyL. A. (2005). The relation of child maltreatment to shame and guilt among adolescents: Psychological routes to depression and delinquency. Child Maltreatment, 10, 324.
72.
SwahnM. H.SimonT. R.HertzM. F.AriasI.BossarteR. M.RossJ. G.HamburgerM. E. (2008). Linking dating violence, peer violence, and suicidal behaviors among high-risk youth. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 34(1), 30-38.
73.
TabachnickB. G.FidellL. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson/Allyn & Bacon.
74.
TurnerH. A. (2006). The effect of lifetime victimization on the mental health of children and adolescents. Social Science Medicine, 62(1), 13.
75.
Uusitalo-MalmivaaraL. (2012a). Global and school-related happiness in Finnish school children. Journal of Happiness Studies, 13(4), 601-619.
76.
Uusitalo-MalmivaaraL. (2012b). Kuudesluokkalaiset tytöt ja pojat fyysisen väkivallan uhreina: Yhteydet masennukseen, somaattisiin oireisiin ja omaan väkivaltaisuuteen. [Sixth grade girls and boys as victims of physical violence. Associations with depression, somatization and violent ideation.] NMI-Bulletin. Accepted for publication.
77.
Uusitalo-MalmivaaraL.LehtoJ. E. (2012). Social factors explaining children’s subjective happiness and depressive symptoms. Social Indicators Research. doi: 10.1007/s11205-012-0022-z.
78.
WeilerB. L.WidomC. S. (1996). Psychopathy and violent behaviour in abused and neglected young adults. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 6, 253-271.
79.
WidomC. S. (1989a). The cycle of violence. Science, 244, 161-165.
80.
WidomC. S. (1989b). Does violence beget violence? A critical examination of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 3-28.
81.
WidomC. S. (2007). A prospective investigation of major depressive disorder and comorbidity in abused and neglected children grown up. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(1), 49.
