Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Research on environmental sustainability practice (ESP) remains dominated by evidence from WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic) societies, leaving limited understanding of how entrepreneurs in non-WEIRD African contexts engage with sustainability. This study examines how intrinsic factors (propensities) and extrinsic factors (propellers) interact with a sustainability mindset to shape the environmentally responsible behavior of traditional entrepreneurs. Drawing on survey data from 1,128 Nigerian microentrepreneurs and employing structural equation modeling, the results show that environmental governance (EG)—a key macromarketing force—significantly predicts ESP, whereas intrinsic factors exert no meaningful effect. The findings further reveal that a sustainability mindset alone has little influence unless reinforced by strong governance mechanisms. These insights highlight that macromarketing-level drivers are more effective than micromarketing-level propensities in fostering sustainability among traditional entrepreneurs. The study advances macromarketing theory by introducing the Five Stages Model of Sustainability Mindset Transformation (SMTM), which explains how governance can progressively cultivate sustainability-oriented mindsets in non-WEIRD societies. The paper concludes with policy recommendations and directions for future research to strengthen environmental governance and entrepreneurship for sustainable development.

Keywords

sustainability mindset environmental governance environmental sustainability practice non-WEIRD entrepreneurship macromarketing systems

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Abdul-Kemi

I. Z.

(2014). Entrepreneurship and economic development in Nigeria: Evidence from small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) financing. International Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 11(1), 215–230.

Acs

Z. J.

Audretsch

D. B.

(1990). Innovation and small firms. MIT Press.

Acs

Z. J.

Desai

Hessels

(2008). Entrepreneurship, economic development and institutions. Small Business Economics, 31(3), 219–234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-008-9135-9

Acs

Z. J.

Szerb

(2007). Entrepreneurship, economic growth and public policy. Small Business Economics, 28(2-3), 109–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-006-9012-3

Acs

Z. J.

Varga

(2005). Entrepreneurship, agglomeration and technological change. Small Business Economics, 24(3), 323–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-005-1998-4

Ajzen

Fishbein

(1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behaviour. Prentice-Hall.

Amaeshi

Adegbite

Rajwani

(2016). Corporate social responsibility in challenging and non-enabling institutional contexts: Do institutional voids matter? Journal of Business Ethics, 134(1), 135–153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2420-4

Amorós

J. E.

Bosma

(2014). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: 2013 global report. Global Entrepreneurship Research Association (GERA). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264953640_Global_Entrepreneurship_Monitor_2013_Global_Report

Araujo

C. L.

Picavet

M. E. B.

Sartoretto

C. A. P. S.

Riva

E. D.

Hollaender

P. S.

(2020). Ecocentric management mindset: A framework for corporate sustainability. Critical Perspectives on International Business, 18(4), 518–545. https://doi.org/10.1108/cpoib-07-2020-0095

10.

Badei

Wang

Ryding

Vignali

(2023). Greenwashing in the fashion industry: Definitions, consequences, and the role of digital technologies in enabling consumers to spot greenwashing. In Brandstrup

Dana

L. P.

Ryding

Vignali

Caratu

(Eds.), The garments economy: Understanding history, developing business models and leveraging digital technologies (pp. 81–107). Springer Nature.

11.

Banerjee

S. B.

Iyer

E. S.

Kashyap

R. K.

(2003). Corporate environmentalism: Antecedents and influence of industry type. Journal of Marketing, 67(2), 106–122. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.67.2.106.18604

12.

Benson

Jordan

(2017). Environmental governance. In Richardson

Castree

Goodchild

M. F.

Kobayashi

Liu

Marston

R. A.

(Eds.), The international encyclopedia of geography (pp. 1–6). John Wiley & Sons.

13.

Bernecker

Job

(2019). Mindset theory. In Sassenberg

Vliek

M. L. W.

(Eds.), Social psychology in action: Evidence-based interventions from theory to practice (pp. 179–191). Springer Nature.

14.

Biden

(2016, September 27). How short-termism saps the economy. The Wall Street Journal, https://www.wsj.com/articles/joe-biden-how-short-termism-saps-the-economy-1475018082 .

15.

Binder

Blankenberg

A. K.

(2017). Green lifestyles and subjective well-being. Ecological Economics, 137, 29–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.03.009

16.

Block

Sandner

Spiegel

(2015). How do risk attitudes differ within the group of entrepreneurs? The role of motivation and procedural utility. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(1), 183–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12060

17.

Bourdieu

(1977). Outline of a theory of practice. Cambridge University Press.

18.

Bramwell

(1989). Ecology in the 20th century: A history. Yale University Press.

19.

Bruton

G. D.

Ahlstrom

(2003). An institutional view of China’s venture capital industry: Explaining the differences between China and the west. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(2), 233–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(01)00075-1

20.

Bruton

G. D.

Ahlstrom

H. L.

(2010). Institutional theory and entrepreneurship: Where are we now and where does future research need to move? Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 34(3), 421–440. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00338.x

21.

Bruton

G. D.

Ahlstrom

Obloj

(2008). Entrepreneurship in emerging economies: Where are we today and where should research go in the future? Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 32(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00233.x

22.

Cohen

Winn

M. I.

(2007). Market imperfections, opportunity and sustainable entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(1), 29–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2004.12.001

23.

Covin

J. G.

Slevin

D. P.

(1986). The development and testing of an organizational-level entrepreneurship scale. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 1(3), 628–639.

24.

Covin

J. G.

Slevin

D. P.

(1989). Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments. Strategic Management Journal, 10(1), 75–87. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250100107

25.

Dangelico

R. M.

Pujari

Pontrandolfo

(2017). Green product innovation in manufacturing firms: A sustainability-oriented dynamic capability perspective. Business Strategy and the Environment, 26(4), 490–506. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.1932

26.

Dangelico

R. M.

Vocalelli

(2017). “Green Marketing”: An analysis of definitions, strategy steps, and tools through a systematic review of the literature. Journal of Cleaner Production, 165, 1263–1279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.184

27.

Davidsson

(1991). Continued entrepreneurship: Ability, need, and opportunity as determinants of small firm growth. Journal of Business Venturing, 6(6), 405–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(91)90028-c

28.

Davies

I. A.

Torrents

(2017). Overcoming institutional voids in subsistence marketplaces. Journal of Macromarketing, 37(3), 255–267. https://doi.org/10.1177/0276146717698020

29.

Davis

M. H.

Hall

J. A.

Mayer

P. S.

(2015). Developing a new measure of entrepreneurial mindset: Reliability, validity, and implications for practitioners. Consulting Psychology Journal, 68(1), 21–48. https://doi.org/10.1037/cpb0000045

30.

Dean

T. J.

McMullen

J. S.

(2005). Toward a theory of sustainable entrepreneurship: Reducing environmental degradation through entrepreneurial action. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(1), 50–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2005.09.003

31.

De Clercq

Voronov

(2011). Sustainability in entrepreneurship: A tale of two logics. International Small Business Journal, 29(4), 322–344. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242610372460

32.

Delmas

M. A.

Burbano

V. C.

(2011). The drivers of greenwashing. California Management Review, 54(1), 64–87. https://doi.org/10.1525/cmr.2011.54.1.64

33.

de Woot

(2005). Should prometheus be bound? Corporate social responsibility and the future of the global market. Palgrave Macmillan.

34.

Dhahri

Omri

(2018). Entrepreneurship contribution to the three pillars of sustainable development: What does the evidence really say? World Development, 106, 64–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.01.008

35.

Dhiman

Marques

(eds) (2016). Spirituality and sustainability. Springer International Publishing.

36.

DiMaggio

P. J.

Powell

W. W.

(1991). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collectiverationality in organizational fields. In W. W. Powell & P. J. DiMaggio (Eds.), The new institutionalism in organizationalanalysis (pp. 63–82). University of Chicago Press.

37.

Donbesuur

Asare

J. O.

, & Owusu

E. K.

(2022). Examining the role of regulation in the commercialisation of indigenous innovation in sub-saharan African economies: Evidence from the Ghanaian small-scale industry. Administrative Sciences, 12(3), 118. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12030118

38.

Dunlap

R. E.

Van Liere

(1978). The new environmental paradigm—A proposed measuring instrument and preliminary results. Journal of Environmental Education, 9(2), 10–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.1978.10801875

39.

Ford

W. C.

(2010, September). Letter from William Clay Ford Jr. Wall Street Journal, http://ophelia.sdsu.edu:8080/ford/09-05-2011/microsites/sustainability-report-2009-10/overview-letter-ford.html .

40.

Friedman

(2007). The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits. In Corporate ethics and corporate governance (pp. 173–178). Springer.

41.

García

M. C.

Welter

(2013). Gender identities and practices: Interpreting women entrepreneurs’ narratives. International Small Business Journal, 31(4), 384–404. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242611422829

42.

Gast

Gundolf

Cesinger

(2017). Doing business in a green way: A systematic review of the ecological sustainability entrepreneurship literature and future research directions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 147, 44–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.065

43.

Giddens

(1984). The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration. University of California Press.

44.

Gould

R. K.

Jimenez Naranjo

Balvanera

(2025). Relationality is not WEIRD: The importance of relational thinking in the majority of the planet’s societies. Ecosystems and People, 21(1), 2427810. https://doi.org/10.1080/26395916.2024.2427810

45.

Granovetter

(1985). Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91(3), 481–510. https://doi.org/10.1086/228311

46.

Hair

J. F.

Black

W. C.

Babin

B. J.

Anderson

R. E.

(2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson Education.

47.

Hair

J. F.

Hult

G. T. M.

Ringle

C. M.

Sarstedt

(2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (1st ed.). Sage Publications.

48.

Hall

Matos

S. V.

Martin

M. J.

(2014). Innovation pathways at the base of the pyramid: Establishing technological legitimacy through social attributes. Technovation, 34(5-6), 284–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2013.12.003

49.

Hall

J. K.

Daneke

G. A.

Lenox

M. J.

(2010). Sustainable development and entrepreneurship: Past contributions and future directions. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(5), 439–448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2010.01.002

50.

Henrich

Heine

S. J.

Norenzayan

(2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2-3), 61–83. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0999152X

51.

Hermes

Rimanoczy

(2018). Deep learning for a sustainability mindset. The International Journal of Management Education, 16, 460–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2018.08.001

52.

Hernandez

A. M.

(2022). The phases model of the transformation to sustainability (T2S)—structuring through the negotiation perspective. Sustainability, 14(9), 5024. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095024

53.

Hofstede

(2003). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.

54.

Hoogendoorn

Van der Zwan

Thurik

(2019). Sustainable entrepreneurship: The role of perceived barriers and risk. Journal of Business Ethics, 157(4), 1133–1154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3646-8

55.

Hunt

S. D.

Derozier

(2004). The normative imperatives of business and marketing strategy: Grounding strategy in resource-advantage theory. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 19(1), 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1108/08858620410516709

56.

International Energy Agency (IEA). (2021). Net zero by 2050: A roadmap for the global energy sector. International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050 .

57.

Isaak

(2002). The making of the ecopreneur. Greener Management International, 2002(38), 81–91. https://doi.org/10.9774/gleaf.3062.2002.su.00009

58.

Jackson

(2005). Motivating sustainable consumption: A review of evidence on consumer behaviour and behavioural change. Sustainable Development Research Network. https://timjackson.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2018/04/Jackson.-2005.-Motivating-Sustainable-Consumption.pdf

59.

Juma

Olabisi

Griffin-El

(2022). Understanding the motivation complexity of grassroots ecopreneurs at the base of the pyramid. Sustainability, 14(21), 14092. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114092

60.

Kapasi

Pei

(2022). Mindset theory and school psychology. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 37(1), 57–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/08295735211053961

61.

Kassel

Rimanoczy

Mitchell

S. F.

(2018). Developing a sustainability mindset in management education. Greenleaf Publishing.

62.

Keogh

P. D.

Polonsky

M. J.

(1998). Environmental commitment: A basis for environmental entrepreneurship? Journal of Organizational Change Management, 11(1), 38–49. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534819810369563

63.

Khanna

Palepu

K. G.

(2010). Winning in emerging markets: A road map for strategy and execution. Harvard Business Press.

64.

Kilbourne

W. E.

Carlson

(2008). The dominant social paradigm, consumption, and environmental attitudes: Can macromarketing education help? Journal of Macromarketing, 28(2), 106–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/0276146708314586

65.

Kirkwood

Walton

(2010). What motivates ecopreneurs to start businesses? International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 16(3), 204–228. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552551011042799

66.

Koe

Omar

Sa’ari

J. R.

(2015). Factors influencing propensity to sustainable entrepreneurship of SMEs in Malaysia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 172, 570–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.404

67.

Kolk

Van Tulder

(2010). International business, corporate social responsibility and sustainable development. International Business Review, 19(2), 119–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2009.12.003

68.

Lee

S. Y.

Rhee

(2007). The change in corporate environmental strategies: A longitudinal empirical study. Management Decision, 45(2), 196–216. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740710727241

69.

Lindeman

(2014). “Until we live like they live in Europe”: A multilevel framework for community empowerment in subsistence markets. Journal of Macromarketing, 34(2), 171–185. https://doi.org/10.1177/0276146713514753

70.

Lorek

Fuchs

(2011). Strong sustainable consumption governance – precondition for a degrowth path? Journal of Cleaner Production, 38, 36–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.08.008

71.

Lumpkin

G. T.

Dess

G. G.

(1996). Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 135–172. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1996.9602161568

72.

Massidda

Piras

(2024). Funding sources, colonial legacy, and new firms' creation in Africa. Economic Change and Restructuring, 57(5). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10644-024-09737-3

73.

Mitchell

J. R.

Israelsen

T. L.

Mitchell

R. K.

Lim

D. S.

(2021). Stakeholder identification as entrepreneurial action: The social process of stakeholder enrollment in new venture emergence. Journal of Business Venturing, 36(6), 106146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2021.106146

74.

Morelli

(2011). Environmental sustainability: A definition for environmental professionals. Journal of Environmental Sustainability, 1(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.14448/jes.01.0002

75.

Morris

M. H.

Paul

G. W.

(1987). The relationship between entrepreneurship and marketing in established firms. Journal of Business Venturing, 2(3), 247–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(87)90012-7

76.

Musona

Puumalainen

Sjögrén

Vuorio

(2021). Sustainable entrepreneurship at the bottom of the pyramid: An identity-based perspective. Sustainability, 13(2), 812. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020812

77.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). (2020). Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) survey report 2020. National Bureau of Statistics. https://nigerianstat.gov.ng

78.

Naudé

(2010). Entrepreneurship, developing countries, and development economics: New approaches and insights. Small Business Economics, 34(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-009-9198-2

79.

Naudé

W. A.

(2013). Entrepreneurship and economic development: Theory, evidence and policy. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2314802

80.

Nhemachena

Murimbika

(2018). Motivations of sustainable entrepreneurship and their impact of enterprise performance in Gauteng Province, South Africa. Business Strategy & Development, 1(2), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsd2.16

81.

Nkamnebe

A. D.

(2011). Sustainability marketing in the emerging markets: Imperatives, challenges, and agenda setting. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 6(3), 217–232. https://doi.org/10.1108/17468801111144058

82.

Nkamnebe

A. D.

Ezemba

E. N.

(2020). Entrepreneurship Incubation among the Nigerian Igbos: The Igba-Boi Indigenous Model. In Advanced series in management (pp. 27–38). https://doi.org/10.1108/s1877-636120200000026003

83.

North

D. C.

(1990). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge University Press.

84.

Nwankwo

Phillips

Tracey

(2006). Social investment through community enterprise: The case of multinational corporations involvement in the development of Nigerian water resources. Journal of Business Ethics, 73(1), 91–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-006-9200-8

85.

Oates

C. J.

McDonald

(2006). Recycling and the domestic division of labour: Is green pink or blue? Sociology, 40(3), 417–433.

86.

Ogunsade

Murithi

Mafimisebi

Vershinina

(2020). Institutional determinants and entrepreneurial mindsets of university-educated youth in sub-saharan Africa. In Rwigema

N. M.

Nkomo

Ibeh

K. N.

(Eds.), The routledge companion to African management (pp. 243–260). Routledge.

87.

Okpara

J. O.

(2011). Factors constraining the growth and survival of SMEs in Nigeria: Implications for poverty alleviation. Management Research Review, 34(2), 156–171. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409171111100615

88.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2020). OECD SME and entrepreneurship outlook 2020. OECD Publishing.

89.

Parrish

B. D.

(2010). Sustainability-driven entrepreneurship: Principles of organization design. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(5), 510–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2009.05.005

90.

Patton

M. Q.

(1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.

91.

Peterson

(2021). Sustainable marketing: A holistic approach (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.

92.

Phan

P. H.

Siegel

D. S.

Wright

(2004). Science parks and incubators: Observations, synthesis and future research. Journal of Business Venturing, 20(2), 165–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2003.12.001

93.

Podsakoff

P. M.

MacKenzie

S. B.

Lee

Podsakoff

N. P.

(2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879

94.

Porter

M. E.

Kramer

M. R.

(2011). Creating shared value. Harvard Business Review, 89(1/2), 62–77.

95.

Porter

M. E.

van der Linde

(1995). Green and competitive: Ending the stalemate. Harvard Business Review, 73(5), 120–134.

96.

Prahalad

C. K.

(2004). The fortune at the bottom of the pyramid: Eradicating poverty through profits. Wharton School Publishing.

97.

Principles for Responsible Management Education (PRME). (2022). PRME annual report 2022. United Nations Global Compact. https://d30mzt1bxg5llt.cloudfront.net/public/uploads/PDFs/PRME-Annual-Report-2022-FINAL.pdf .

98.

Raimi

Yusuf

(2020). Entrepreneurship development interventions as a pragmatic approach to political and economic restructuring in Nigeria. In Advances in business strategy and competitive advantage book series (pp. 435–452). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5116-5.ch023

99.

Reuber

A. R.

Tippmann

Monaghan

(2021). Global scaling as a logic of multinationalization. Journal of International Business Studies, 52(6), 1031–1046. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-020-00347-2

100.

Revell

Blackburn

(2005). The business case for sustainability? An examination of small firms in the UK’s construction and restaurant sectors. Business Strategy and the Environment, 16(6), 404–420. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.499

101.

Richomme-Huet

de Freyman

(2011). What sustainable entrepreneurship looks like: An exploratory study from a student perspective. In Lundström

Zhou

von Friedrichs

Sundin

(Eds.), Social entrepreneurship: Leveraging economic, political, and cultural dimensions (pp. 155–177). Springer.

102.

Riti

J. S.

Dankumo

A. M.

Gubak

H. D.

(2015). Entrepreneurship and environmental sustainability: Evidence from Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 6(8), 130–140.

103.

Sancak

I. E.

(2023). Change management in sustainability transformation: A model for business organizations. Journal of Environmental Management, 330, 117165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117165

104.

Schaltegger

Wagner

(2011). Sustainable entrepreneurship and sustainability innovation: Categories and interactions. Business Strategy and the Environment, 20(4), 222–237. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.682

105.

Schaper

(2002). The essence of ecopreneurship. Greener Management International, 2002(38), 26–30. https://doi.org/10.9774/gleaf.3062.2002.su.00004

106.

Schick

Marxen

Freimann

(2005). Sustainability in the start-up process. In Schaper

(Ed.), Making ecopreneurs: Developing sustainable entrepreneurship (pp. 108–121). Ashgate Publishing.

107.

Shapero

Sokol

(1982). The social dimensions of entrepreneurship. In Kent

C. A.

Sexton

D. L.

Vesper

K. H.

(Eds.), Encyclopedia of entrepreneurship (pp. 72–98). Prentice-Hall.

108.

Sharma

R. R.

(2019). Sustainability: The road ahead. Vision the Journal of Business Perspective, 23(2), vi. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972262919856734

109.

Shaver

K. G.

Wegelin

Commarmond

(2019). Assessing entrepreneurial mindset: Results for a new measure. Discourse and Communication for Sustainable Education, 10(2), 13–21. https://doi.org/10.2478/dcse-2019-0014

110.

Shepherd

D. A.

Patzelt

(2011). The new field of sustainable entrepreneurship: Studying entrepreneurial action linking “what is to be sustained” with “what is to be developed.”. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(1), 137–163. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00426.x

111.

Sheth

Parvatiyar

(1995). Ecological imperatives and the role of marketing. In Polonsky

M. J.

Mintu-Wimsatt

(Eds.), Environmental marketing (pp. 3–20). Haworth Press.

112.

Small and Medium Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria (SMEDAN). (2017). National survey of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs). SMEDAN and National Bureau of Statistics. https://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/elibrary/read/966 .

113.

Steg

Dreijerink

Abrahamse

(2005). Factors influencing the acceptability of energy policies: A test of VBN theory. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 25(4), 415–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2005.08.003

114.

Tonglet

Phillips

P. S.

Read

A. D.

(2004). Using the theory of planned behaviour to investigate the determinants of recycling behaviour: A case study from Brixworth, UK. Resources Conservation and Recycling, 41(3), 191–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2003.11.001

115.

Tucker

Murney

Lamont

(1998). A decision support model for the management of recycling schemes. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 41(4), 54–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640569811533

116.

Ukenna

S. I.

Ayodele

A. A.

(2019). Applying the extended theory of planned behavior to predict sustainable street food patronage in a developing economy. Journal of Food Products Marketing, 25(4), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/10454446.2019.1572561

117.

Ukenna

S. I.

Nkamnebe

A. D.

(2017). Sustainable consumption behavior in sub-saharan Africa: A conceptual framework. Thunderbird International Business Review, 59(1), 33–50. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.21833

118.

United Nations. (2019). Responsible consumption and production: Why it matters? United Nations. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/12_Why-It-Matters-2020.pdf .

119.

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (2022). Environmental governance subprogram: West Asia. https://www.unep.org/regions/west-asia/regional-initiatives/environmental-governance.

120.

United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). (2003). A path out of poverty: Developing rural and women entrepreneurship. https://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Publications/Pub_free/A_path_out_of_poverty.pdf.

121.

Unnikrishnan

von Koeller

Bugas

Pedrinelli

(2022, August 22). New business models—not new technologies—will unleash sustainability in CPG. Boston Consulting Group. https://www.bcg.com/publications/2022/how-companies-can-achieve-sustainability-in-cpg .

122.

Viswanathan

Echambadi

Venugopal

Sridharan

(2014). Subsistence entrepreneurship, value creation, and community exchange systems: A social capital explanation. Journal of Macromarketing, 34(2), 171–185. https://doi.org/10.1177/0276146714521635

123.

Wetzels

Odekerken-Schröder

Van Oppen

(2009). Using PLS path modeling for assessing hierarchical construct models: Guidelines and empirical illustration. MIS Quarterly, 33(1), 177–195. https://doi.org/10.2307/20650284

124.

Wiklund

Davidsson

Audretsch

Karlsson

(2011). The future of entrepreneurship research. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00420.x

125.

Williams

C. C.

Nadin

(2011). Evaluating the nature of the relationship between informal entrepreneurship and the formal economy in rural communities. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 12(2), 95–103. https://doi.org/10.5367/ijei.2011.0028

126.

Wooliscroft

(2020). Macromarketing and the systems imperative. Journal of Macromarketing, 41(1), 116–123. https://doi.org/10.1177/0276146720980521

127.

World Commission on Environment and Development. (1987). Our common future. Oxford University Press.

128.

Yokoyama

Birchley

S. L.

(2018). Mindset and social entrepreneurship: Japanese self-initiated expatriate entrepreneurs in Cambodia. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies, 4(1), 68–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/2393957517752728

129.

Youssef

A. B.

Boubaker

Omri

(2017). Entrepreneurship and sustainability: The need for innovative and institutional solutions. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 129, 232–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2017.11.003

130.

Yunus

(2007). Creating a world without poverty: Social business and the future of capitalism. Public Affairs.

131.

Zahoor

Khan

Meyer

Laker

(2023). International entrepreneurial behavior of internationalizing African SMEs—towards a new research agenda. Journal of Business Research, 154, 113367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113367

From Propensities to Propellers: Understanding System-Level Influences on Entrepreneurs’ Environmental Sustainability Practice in Non-WEIRD Societies

Abstract

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References