Research into the relationship between language and gender challenges group psychotherapy to pay attention to the significance of gender in shaping the language used by members and conductors. Language is a major resource in the creation of our gendered sense of self, with styles stereotypically associated with male and female. The linguistic culture of the group has stereotypical `male' and `female' aspects. The language of the therapist is critical in establishing linguistic norms, challenging or reinforcing gender stereotypes. The movement from these stereotypical styles, with the ability to draw upon both `male' and `female' characteristics, is a therapeutic movement. The absence of critical analysis of these aspects of language and gender in group theory witnesses to the power of the `social unconscious'.
Ainsworth-Vaughn, N.
(1992) `Topic transitions in physician-patient interviews: power, gender and discourse change'. Language in Society21: 409-426.
2.
Beauvais, C. (1976) `The family and the work group: Dilemmas for women in authority'. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, City University of New York, quoted in Wright, F. and Gould, L. (1996) `Research on gender-linked aspects of group behavior: implications for group psychotherapy', in de Chant (ed.) Women and Group Psychotherapy. New York: Guilford.
3.
Bucholtz, M.
and Hall, K. (eds) (1995) Gender Articulated: Language and the Socially Constructed Self. London: Routledge.
4.
Coates
, Jennifer (1989) `Gossip revisited: language in all female groups', in Coates and Cameron (eds) (1998) Language and Gender: A Reader, pp 94-121. Oxford: Blackwell.
5.
Conlon, I.
(1991). `The Effect of Gender on the Role of the Female Group Conductor', Group Analysis24(2): 187-200.
6.
Correa, M.
, Klein, E., Stone. W.. Achachan, J., Kossek, E. and Komarrajo, J., and Komarrajo, J. (1988) `Reactions to women in authority: The impact of gender on learning in group relations.'Journal of Applied Behavioral Science24: 219-233.
7.
Eagleton, T.
(1983) Literary Theory: An Introduction. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
8.
Edelsky, C.
(1981) `Who's got the floor?', Language in Society10: 383-421
9.
Fisher, S.
(1993) `Gender, power, resistance: is care the remedy?', in Fisher. S.. and Davis, K. (eds) Negotiating at the Margins: the Gendered Discourse of Power amid Resistance. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
10.
Foulkes, S.H.
and Anthony, E.J. (1957) Group Psychotherapy: The Psychoanalytic Approach. London: Karnac. 1990 reprint.
11.
Gray, J.
(1992) Men are from Mars. Women are front Venus. New York: HarperCollins.
12.
Greene, L.
, Morrison, T. and Tischler, N. (1981) `Gender and Authority: Effects on Perceptions of Small Group Co-leaders', Small Group Behaviour12(4): 401-413.
13.
Gumperz, J.
(1982a) Discourse Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
14.
Gumperz, J.
(ed.) (1982b) Language and Social Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
15.
Hopper, E.
(1996.) `The Social Unconscious in Clinical Work', Group20(1): 7-42.
16.
Horikawa, R.
, Mickey, J. and Muira, S. (1991) `Effects of request legitimacy on the compliance-gaining tactics of male and female managers', Communicating Monographs58(4): 421-436.
17.
Kennard, D.
, Roberts, J. and Winter. D. (1993) A Workbook of Group Analytic Interventions. London: Routledge.
18.
Lakoff, R.
(1975) Language and Woman's Place. New York: Harper and Row.
19.
Lakoff, R.
(1978) `Women's language'. in D. Butturf and E.L. Epstein (eds) women's Language and Style. pp. 139-158. Akron, OH: University of Akron.
20.
Matthieu
. Nicole-Claude (1989) `Sexual, sexed and sex-class identities: three ways of conceptualizing the relationship between sex and gender', in Leonard and Adkins (eds) (1996) Sex in Question: French Material Feminism. London: Taylor and Francis.
21.
McWilliams, N.
and Stein, J. (1987) `Women's groups led by women: The management of devaluing transferences', International Journal of Group Psychotherapy37(2), 139-154,
22.
Pines, M.
(1994) `The group as a whole', in Brown, D. and Zinkin, L. (eds) The Psyche and the Social World. London: Routledge.
23.
Pizzini, F.
(1991) `Communication hierarchies in humour: gender differences in the obstetrical/gynaecological setting', Discourse and Society2(4): 477-488.
24.
Schlapobersky, J.
(1994) `The language of the group', in Brown, D. and Zinkin, L. (eds) The Psyche and the Social World. London: Routledge.
25.
Sheldon, A.
and Johnson, D. (1998) `Pre-school negotiators; linguistic differences in how girls and boys regulate the expression of dissent in same sex groups', in Cheshire, J. and Trudgill, P. (eds) Gender and Discourse, Vol. II. London: Arnold.
26.
Tannen, D.
(1990) You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation. New York: Ballantine.
27.
Tannen, D.
(1993) (ed.) Gender and Conversational Interaction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
28.
Tannen, D.
(1994a) Gender and Discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
29.
Tannen, D.
(1994b) Talking from 9 to 5: Women and Men in the Workplace: Language, Sex and PowerNew York: Avon.
30.
Tischler, N.
, Morrison, T., Greene, L. and Steward, M. (1986) `Work and defensive processes in small groups - effects of leader gender and authority position,'Psychiatry49(3): 2241-2752.
31.
Tracy, K.
and Eisenberg, E. (1990/91) `Giving criticism: a multiple goals study', Research on Language and Social Interaction24: 37-70.
32.
West, C.
(1984) `When the doctor is a lady', Symbolic Interaction7: 87-106.
33.
West, C.
(1990) `Not just "doctor's orders": directive-response sequences in patients' visits to women and men physicians', Discourse and Society1(1): 85-112.
34.
West, C.
and Zimmerman, D.H. (1983) `Small insults: a study of interruptions in cross-sex conversations between unacquainted persons', in Thorne, B., Kramarae, C. and Henley, N. (eds.) Language, Gender and Society. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
35.
Wodak, R.
(1986) Language Behavior in Therapy Groups. Berkeley: University of California Press.
36.
Wright, F.
and Gould, L. (1996) `Research on gender-linked aspects of group behavior: implications for group psychotherapy', in de Chant (ed.) Women and Group PsychotherapyNew York: Guilford.
