In the United States, local governments have developed cultural policies, integrating them into the overall policy-making process. Although the research on cultural projects in urban development continues to grow, very few studies focus on American cities. Using a lens based on neo-institutional theory, this study traces the way Milwaukee and Madison, Wisconsin, framed policies for arts and culture in their comprehensive plans. One major finding shows that State law with its focus on historic preservation heavily influences policies for arts and culture within comprehensive plans. Left out are policies pertaining to creative industries, despite their increased consideration in cultural policy.
AlexanderE. R.2005. “Institutional Transformation and Planning: From Institutionalization Theory to Institutional Design.” Planning Theory4 (3): 209–23.
4.
BaylissD.2007. “The Rise of the Creative City: Culture and Creativity in Copenhagen.” European Planning Studies15 (7): 889–903.
5.
BernsteinR. A.2009. A Guide to Smart Growth and Cultural Resource Planning. Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society.
6.
BianchiniF.ParkinsonM., eds. 1993. Remaking European Cities: The Role of Cultural Policies. Cultural Policy and Urban Regeneration. The West European Experience. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.
7.
BiddleL.1988. Our Government and the Arts : A Perspective from the Inside. New York: ACA Books.
8.
CavesR.2000. Creative Industries. Contracts between Art and Commerce. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
9.
City of Madison. 2006. City of Madison Comprehensive Plan. Madison: City of Madison.
CohenR.SchafferW.DavidsonB.2003. “Arts and Economic Prosperity: The Economic Impact of Nonprofit Arts Organizations and Their Audiences.” Journal of Arts Management, Law and Society33 (1): 17–31.
16.
CostelloD. J.1997. “The Economic and Social Impact of the Arts on Urban and Community Development.” PhD dissertation, University of Pittsburgh.
DevereauxC.2011. “Arts and Cultural Policy: What Governments Do (and Don’t Do) to Make Arts Happen.” In The Arts Management Handbook. New Directions for Students and Practitioners, edited by BrindleM.DevereauxC., 219–51. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
20.
DiMaggioP.BennedictS.1991. “Decentralization of Arts Funding from the Federal Government to the States.” In Public Money and the Muse, edited by BenedictS., 216–52. New York: Norton.
21.
DiMaggioP. J.PowellW. W.1991. “The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism an Colective Rationality in Organizationa Field.” In The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, edited by DiMaggioP. J.PowellW. W., 63–82. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
22.
DyeT. R.1976. Policy Analysis: What Governments Do, Why They Do It, and What Difference It Makes. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
23.
EdwardsM. M.HainesA.2007. “Evaluating Smart Growth. Implications for Small Communities.” Journal of Planning Education and Research27:49–64.
24.
FischerF.2003. Reframing Public Policy: Discursive Politics and Deliberative Practices. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
25.
FloridaR.2002a. “Bohemia and Economic Geography.” Journal of Economic Geography2:55–71.
26.
FloridaR.2002b. The Rise of the Creative Class: And How It’s Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life. New York: Basic Books.
27.
GarnhamN.2005. “From Cultural to Creative Industries.” International Journal of Cultural Policy11 (1): 15–29.
28.
GibsonL.2002. “Managing the People: Arts Program in the American Depression.” Journal of Arts, Law and Management31 (4): 279–92.
29.
GrayC.2007. “Commodification and Instrumentality in Cultural Policy.” International Journal of Cultural Policy13 (2): 203–15.
30.
GrodachC.2010. “Beyond Bilbao: Rethinking Flagship Cultural Development and Planning in Three California Cities.” Journal of Planning Education and Research29 (3): 353–66.
31.
GrodachC.Loukaitou-SiderisA.2007. “Cultural Development Strategies and Urban Revitalization.” International Journal of Cultural Policy13 (4): 349–70.
32.
HainesA.. 2005. Land Use Resource Guide: A guide to preparing the land use element of a local comprehensive plan. June. Center for Land Use Education, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point/Extension.
33.
HallP.1986. Governing the Economy: The Politics of State Intervention in Britain and France. New York: Oxford University Press.
34.
HallP.TaylorR.1996. “Political Science and the Three New Institutionalism.” Political Studies44 (5): 936–57.
HealeyP.1999. “Institutionalist Analysis, Communicative Planning, and Shaping Places.” Journal of Planning Education and Research19 (2): 111–21.
37.
HealeyP.2004. “The New Institutionalism and the Transformative Goals of Planning.” In Institutions and Planning, edited by VermaN., 61–90. Rutgers, NJ: Center for Urban Policy Research.
38.
HeckscherA.1963. The Arts and the National Government. Report to the President. Washington, DC: Office, U.S.G.P.
39.
HesmondhalghD.2002. The Cultural Industries. London: Sage.
40.
HochC.DaltonL. C.SoF. S.2000. The Practice of Local Government Planning. Washington, DC: International City-County Management Association.
41.
KellyE. D.BeckerB.2000. Community Planning: An Introduction to the Comprehensive Plan. Washington, DC: Island Press.
42.
KempR.2004. Cities and the Arts : A Handbook for Renewal. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
43.
KentT. J.1964. The Urban General Plan. San Francisco, CA: Chandler.
44.
LeeA. J.2008. Historic Preservation in the United States. Understanding the Arts and Creative Sector in the United States. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
45.
LeesL.MelhuishC.2013. “Arts-Led Regeneration in the UK: The Rhetoric and the Evidence on Urban Social Inclusion.” European Urban and Regional Studies0 (0): 1–19.
46.
LowellJ.Heneghan OndaatjeE.2006. The Arts and State Governments: At Arm’s Length or Arm in Arm?Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation.
47.
MarkusenA.2006. “Urban Development and the Politics of a Creative Class: Evidence From the Study of Artists. Environment and Planning A38 (10): 1921–40.
48.
MitchellJ. C.2006. “Case and Situation Analysis.” In The Manchester School: Practice and Ethnographic Praxis in Anthropology, edited by Evens and Don HandelmanT. M. S.New York: Berghahn Books.
49.
MommaasH.2004. “Cultural Clusters and the Post-industrial City: Towards the Remapping of Urban Cultural Policy.” Urban Studies41 (3): 507–32.
50.
MontgomeryJ.2003. “Cultural Quarters as Mechanisms for Urban Regeneration. Part 1: Conceptualizing Cultural Quarters.” Planning, Practices & Research18 (4): 293–305.
51.
Mt Auburn Associates. 2011. Creative Industries. A New Economic Growth Opportunity for the Milwaukee 7 Region. Milwaukee, WI: Mt Auburn Associates.
52.
MulcahyK.2002. “The State Arts Agencies: An Overview of Cultural Federalism in the United States.” Journal of Arts Management, Law & Society32 (1): 67.
53.
NEA (National Endowment for the Arts). 1981. Economic Impact of Arts and Cultural Institutions. Washington, DC: NEA, No. 15.
54.
OhmB.2000. “Reforming Land Planning Legislation at the Dawn of the 21st Century: The Emerging Influence of Smart Growth and Livable Communities.” Urban Lawyer3 (2): 181–210.
55.
PeroneD. H.2004. “Searching for a National Policy on the Arts.” Review of Policy Research21 (4): 485–504.
56.
PetersG.1999. Institutional Theory in Political Science. London: Pinter.
57.
PonziniD.RossiU.2009. “Becoming a Creative City: The Entrepreneurial Mayor, Network Politics and the Promise of an Urban Renaissance.” Urban Studies47 (5): 1037–57.
58.
PorterR.1979. The Arts and City Planning. New York: American Council for The Arts.
59.
PowellW.DiMaggioP.1991. The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
60.
PowerD.ScottA. J.2004. Cultural Industries and the Production of Culture. London: Routledge.
61.
PrattA. C.2008. “Creative Cities: The Cultural Industries and the Creative Class. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography90 (2): 107–17.
62.
RadichA. J.SchwochS.1987. Economic Impact of the Arts: A Sourcebook. Denver, CO: National Conference of State Legislatures.
63.
RobertsonK. A.1990. “The Status of Pedestrian Mall in American Downtowns.” American Affairs Review26 (2): 250–73.
64.
SchillingJ.KeyesS. D.2008. “The Promise of Wisconsin’s 1999 Comprehensive Planning Law: Land-Use Policy Reforms to Support Active Living.” Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law33 (3): 455–96.
65.
ScottA. J.1997. “The Cultural Economy of Cities.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research21 (2): 323–39.
66.
ScottA. J.2010. “Creative Cities: The Role of Culture.” Revue d’Economie Politique120 (1): 181–204.
67.
SternM.SeifertS.2007. Culture and Urban Revitalization: A Harvest Document. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania.
68.
SternM.SeifertS.2008. From Creative Economy to Creative Society. A Report of the Social Impact of the Arts Project. Philadelphia: Rockefeller Foundation.
69.
StromE.2002. “Converting Pork into Porcelain. Cultural Institutions and Downtown Development.” Urban Affairs Review38 (1): 3.
70.
StromE.2003. “Cultural Policy as Development Policy: Evidence from the United States.” International Journal of Cultural Policy9 (3): 247–63.
71.
StromE.2008. “Rethinking the Politics of Downtown Development.” Journal of Urban Affairs30 (1): 37–61.
72.
StromE.CookA.2004. “Old Pictures in New Frames: Issue Definition and Federal Arts Policy.” Review of Policy Research21 (4): 505–22.
73.
TurnerR.2002. “The Politics of Design and Development in the Postmodern Downtown.” Journal of Urban Affairs24 (5): 533–48.
74.
TylerN.LigibelT. J.TylerI. R.2009. Historic Preservation. An Introduction to Its History, Principles, and Practice. New York: Norton.
75.
VanoloA.2008. “The Image of the Creative City: Some Reflections on Urban Branding in Turin.” Cities25 (6): 370–82.
76.
VermaN.2007. Institutions and Planning. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
77.
WardK.2007. “‘Creating a Personality for Downtown’ Business Imporvement Districts in Milwaukee.” Urban Geography28 (8): 781–808.
78.
WeisbrodG.PollakowskiH. O.2007. “Effects of Downtown Improvement Projects on Retail Activity.” Journal of the American Planning Association50 (2): 148–61.
79.
WhittJ. A.StoneC. N.SandersH. T.1987. “The Arts Coalition in Strategies of Urban Development.” In The Politics of Urban Development, edited by StoneC. N.SandersH. T., 144–56. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
80.
Wisconsin Arts Board. 2010. New Economy Funding Initiative. Madison: Wisconsin Arts Board.
WorlandG.2010. “Arts Advocates Tout the Economic Benefits of ‘Creative Industries.’” Wisconsin State Journal, November, 10.
83.
WyszomirskiM. J.2004. “From Public Support for the Arts to Cultural Policy.” Review of Policy Research21 (4): 469–84.
84.
WyszomirskiM. J.2008. “Field Building: The Road to Cultural Policy Studies in the United States.” In Unterstanding the Arts and Creative Sector in the United States, edited by CherboJ. M.StewartR. A.WyszomirskiM. J., 39–60. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
