This article explores the history and current forms of civic service in South America. The term is fraught with translation difficulty, but the operational forms are consistent. Service learning is by far the most prevalent form of service in South America and is discussed in detail. Other forms of service are briefly discussed, including national and international service. All forms of service are placed in historical context and viewed through an institutional lens. It is suggested that service learning is the most prevalent form of service because educational institutions are trusted. Implications for research are discussed, such as how to associate civic service with common concepts, and next steps regarding descriptive research.
Brazil Universidade Solidaria. (2004). Retrieved from http://www.universidadesolidaria.org.br/
2.
Eberly, D. J. (Ed.). (1991). National youth service: A Democratic institution for the 21st century (Proceedings of the National Service Secretariat Conference, Wisconsin, 19-21 July 1991). Washington, DC: National Service Secretariat.
3.
Eberly, D. J. (1992). National youth service: A global perspective. Washington, DC: National Service Secretariat.
4.
Escuela y Comunidad. (2001a). Informe anual 2001 (Memo interno). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Programa Nacional Escuela y Comunidad. Secretaría de Educación Básica, Ministerio de Educación de la Nación.
5.
Escuela y Comunidad. (2001b). La propuesta pedagógica del aprendizaje-servicio. Actas del III y IV Seminario Internacional de Escuela y Comunidad. Programa Nacional Escuela y Comunidad. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Secretaría de Educación Básica, Ministerio de Educación de la Nación.
6.
Faça Parte. (2004). O papel do voluntariado juvenilno seculo XXI [A paper on youth volunteerism] (n.d.). Retrieved October 3, 2004, from http://www.facaparte.org.br/.
7.
Gallup Argentina. (2002a). Estudio de opinión pública: Democracia y participación [Study of public opinion: Democracy and participation]. Retrieved August 15, 2002, from www.gallup.com.ar/pub.htm
8.
Gallup Argentina. (2002b). Perfil de los trabajadores voluntarios [Profile of the voluntary workers]. Retrieved August 15, 2002, from www.gallup.com.ar/pub.htm
9.
Gallup Argentina-Cima. (2002). Estudio de opinión pública: Confianza en las instituciones. Región: 16 países de Iberoamérica [Study of public opinion: confidence in the institutions; Region: 16 countries of Latin America]. Retrieved August 15, 2002, from www.gallup.com.ar/pub.htm
10.
Giorgetti, D. A. (2001). Sociedad en red [Society in networks]. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Author.
11.
Gomes, D. C., & Carlos, A. (2001). Tempo de servir. O protagonismo juvenil passo a passo. Um guia para o educador [Time to serve: Step by step, explicit methodology of youthful participation and leadership; Manual for the educator]. Sao Paulo, Brazil: Belo Horizonte, Editora Universidade.
12.
Gonzalez, A., & Elicegui, P. (2002) El impacto de los proyectos de aprendizaje-servicio en la calidad educativa [The impact of service-learning projects in educational quality]. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Centro Latinoamericano de Aprendizaje y Servicio Solidario.
13.
International Association for National Youth Service (IANYS). (2003). IANYS 6th global conference proceedings. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Author.
14.
McBride, A. M., Benítez, C., & Sherraden, M. (2003). The forms and nature of civic service: A global assessment. St. Louis, MO: Center for Social Development, Washington University.
15.
Mellillo, A. S. O., & Néstor, E. (2001). Resiliencia. Descubriendo las propias fortalezas [Resilience: Discovering one’s own fortresses]. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Paidós.
16.
Ministerio de Cultura y Educacion. (1997). Consejo federal de cultura y educacion. Contenidos básicos para la educación polimodal [Basic contents of polimodal education]. República Argentina.
17.
Ministry of Education. (2004). Retrieved from http://www.mineduc.cl/media/.
18.
Planfor. (2000). Plano nacional de qualificação do trabalhador—PNDH—programa nacional de direitos humanos. Termo de referência do Serviço Civil Voluntário Série. Referenciais de Planejamento, março de 2000.
19.
Planfor. (2001). Plano nacional de qualificação do trabalhador. Secretaria de políticas públicas de emprego. Departamento de Qualificação Profissional. Serviço Civil Voluntário: Resultados e Perspectivas.
20.
Sherraden, M. (2001). Service and the human enterprise, perspective. St. Louis, MO: Center for Social Development, Washington University.
21.
Silcox, H. C. (2002). Service-learning influence on education worldwide. Philadelphia: Institute for Global Education and Service-learning.
22.
Tapia, M. N. (2000). La solidaridad como pedagogía [Educating through solidarity]. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Ciudad Nueva.
23.
Tapia, M. N. (2002). Service-learning in Latin America. In Centro Latinoamericano de Aprendizaje y Servicio Solidario (Ed.), Aprender sirve, servir enseña (pp. 1-30). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Latin American Center for Service-Learning.
24.
Tapia, M. N. (2003). On solidaridad. In H. Perold, M. Sherraden, & S. Stroud (Eds.), Service enquiry: Service in the 21st century, first edition (pp. 139-148). Johannesburg, South Africa: Global Service Institute.
25.
Tapia, M. N., & Mallea, M. M. (2003). Service-learning in Argentina. In H. Perold, M. Sherraden, & S. Stroud (Eds.), Service enquiry: Service in the 21st century, first edition (pp. 203-215). Johannesburg, South Africa: Global Service Institute.
26.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2002). Institute for statistics. In Latin America and the Caribbean regional report 2002. Montreal, Canada: Author.
