The history of the science of consciousness is difficult to trace because it involves an ongoing debate over the aims involved in the study of consciousness that historically engaged people working in a variety of different, often overlapping, philosophical projects. At least three main aims of these different projects can be identified: (1) providing an ultimate foundation for natural science; (2) providing an empirical study of experience; and (3) promoting human well-being by relieving suffering and encouraging human flourishing. Each of these aims has its own problems and its own methods for solving them that endorse different epistemic virtues characteristic of science in different historical periods through a variety of ‘styles of science’.
Baertschi, B. ( 1992) Les rapports de l’âme et du corps. Paris: VRIN.
2.
Blumenthal, A. ( 1997) ‘Wilhelm Wundt’, in W. G. Bringmann et al. (eds) A Pictorial History of Psychology . Chicago, IL: Quintessence Publishing , pp. 117-25.
3.
Camden, W. ( 1605) Remaines of a Greater Worke, Concerning Britaine, the Inhabitants thereof, their Languages, Names, Surnames, Empreses, Wise Speeches, Poësies, and Epitaphes. London: printed by G[eorge] E[ld] for Simon Waterson.
Changeux, J.P. and Ricoeur, P. ( 2000) What Makes us Think?Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press.
6.
Crick, F. and Koch, C. ( 1990) ‘Towards a Neurobiological Theory of Consciousness’ , Seminars in the Neurosciences2: 263-75.
7.
Crombie, A.C. ( 1994) Styles of Scientific Thinking in the European Tradition: A History of Argument and Explanation in the Mathematical and Biomedical Sciences and the Arts, vols 1-3. London: Duckworth.
8.
Cudworth, R. ( 1678) The True Intellectual System of the Universe: the First Part, wherein all the Reason and Philosophy of Atheism is Confuted and its Impossibility Demonstrated. London: printed for R. Royston.
9.
Daston, L. and Galison, P. ( 2007) Objectivity. New York: Zone Books.
Descartes, R. ( 1964-74) Oeuvres de Descartes. Paris: C. Adam and P.Tannery sous les auspices du Ministère de l’Instruction publique; J. Vrin, Editions de la librairie philosophique.
12.
Ferrari, M. and Albertini, T. (in press) ‘Bovelles and the Liber de Sapiente’, Intellectual History Review (special issue on the 500th anniversary of the Liber de Sapiente).
13.
Foucault, M. ( 2004) The Hermeneutics of the Subject: Lectures at the College de France, 1981-82, English Series ed. A. I. Davidson, trans. G. Burchell . New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
14.
Godfrey-Smith, P. ( 2003) Theory and Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
15.
Hacking, I. ( 1997) Mad Travelers: Reflections on the Reality of Transient Mental Illnesses. Charlottesville and London: University Press of Virginia.
16.
Hacking, I. ( 2002) ‘Style for Historians and Philosophers’, in Historical Ontology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 178-99; originally published (1992) Studies in History and Philosophy of Science23(1): 1-20.
17.
Harrington, A. ( 2008) The Cure Within - A History of Mind-Body Medicine. New York: Norton.
18.
Husserl, E.(1965[1910]) ‘Philosophie als strenge wissenschaft’, Logos1: 289-341; English trans. Q. Lauer, ‘Philosophy as Rigorous Science’, in Q. Lauer (ed.) Phenomenology and the Crisis of Philosophy. New York: Harper, pp. 71-147.
19.
James, W. ( 1902) The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature. New York: Longmans, Green .
20.
James, W. ( 1986[1909]) ‘The Confidences of a ‘‘Psychical Researcher’’ and ‘‘Report on Mrs. Piper’s Hodgson-Control’’’, in The Works of William James, vol. 16, Essays in Psychical Research. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
21.
Krüger, J.G. ( 1756) Versuch einer experimental-seelenlehre [‘Essay Toward an Experimental Doctrine of the Soul’]. Halle: Carl Hermann Hemmerde.
22.
Laureys, S., Pellas, F., Van Eeckhout, P., Ghorbel, S., Schnakers, C., Perrin, F., Berre, J., Faymonville, M.E., Pantke, K.H., Damas, F., Lamy, M., Moonen, G. and Goldman, S. ( 2005) ‘The Locked-in Syndrome: What is it like to be Conscious but Paralyzed and Voiceless?’, Progress in Brain Research150: 495-511.
23.
Leibniz, G.W. ( 1959[1693-1714]) Opera philosophica . Berlin: Scientia Aalen.
Locke, J. ( 1975[1690]) An Essay Concerning Human Understanding , ed. P. H. Nidditch.Oxford: Clarendon Press.
26.
Maturana, H.R. and Varela, F.J. ( 1992) The Tree of Knowledge: The Biological Roots of Human Understanding , 2nd edn. Boston, MA: Shambhala Publications.
27.
Ricoeur, P. ( 1992) Oneself as Another. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
28.
Rosenzweig, S. ( 1992) Freud, Jung, and Hall the King-Maker: The Historic Expedition to America (1909). St Louis, MO: Rana House.
29.
Shapin, S. ( 2005) ‘Hyperprofessionalism and the Crisis of Readership in the History of Science’, Isis96(2): 238-43.
30.
Somerville, M. ( 2006) The Ethical Imagination. Carlton, Va: Melbourne University Press.
31.
Tetens, J.N. ( 1775) Ueber die allgemeine spekulativische philosophie [On General Speculative Philosophy]. Bützow and Wismar; reprinted Berlin, 1913.
32.
Thompson, E. ( 2007) Mind in Life: Biology, Phenomenology, and the Sciences of Mind. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
33.
Titchener, E.B. ( 1892) ‘The Leipzig School of Experimental Psychology’ , Mind (new series) 1: 206-34.
34.
Turing, A.M. ( 1950) ‘Computing Machinery and Intelligence’, Mind59: 433-60.
35.
Varela, F.J., Thompson, E. and Rosch, E. ( 1991) The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
36.
Vygotsky, L.S. ( 1997[1927]) ‘The Historical Meaning of the Crisis in Psychology: a Methodological Investigation’, in L. S. Vygotsky, Collected Works, vol. 3. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 233-343.
37.
Wallace, B.A. ( 2007) Contemplative Science. Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press.
38.
Wallace, B.A. ( 2009) Mind in the balance: Meditation in Science, Buddhism, and Christianity. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
39.
Wallace, B.A. and Shapiro, S.L. ( 2006) ‘Mental Balance and Well-Being: Building Bridges between Buddhism and Western Psychology’, American Psychologist61: 690-701.
40.
Wolff, C. ( 1732) Psychologia Empirica. Frankfurt-Lipsia; a reprint of the 1738 edn was issued by Jean École (1968).
41.
Wolff, C. ( 1734) Psychologia Rationalis. Frankfurt-Lipsia; a reprint of the 1740 edn with Introduction, Notes and Index was issued by Jean École (1972).
