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Abstract

Longitudinal data are frequently encountered in medical research, where participants are followed throughout time. Additional structure and hence complexity occurs when there is pairing between the participants (e.g. matched case-control studies) or within the participants (e.g. analysis of participants’ both eyes). Various modelling approaches, identified through a systematic review, are discussed, including (un)paired $t$ -tests, multivariate analysis of variance, difference scores, linear mixed models (LMMs), and new or more recent statistical methods. Next, highlighting the importance of selecting appropriate models based on the data’s characteristics, the methods are applied to both a real-life case study in ophthalmology and a simulated case-control study. Key findings include the superiority of the conditional LMM and multilevel models in handling paired longitudinal data in terms of precision. Moreover, the article underscores the impact of accounting for intra-pair correlations and missing data mechanisms. Focus will be on discussing the advantages and disadvantages of the approaches, rather than on the mathematical or computational details.

Keywords

Case-control studies longitudinal data multilevel analysis paired data random effects model

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