This study investigated the various emerging forms of internationalization and how senior international affairs officers describe their motivations and rationales for implementing these activities. Based on interviews with senior international officers at 30 international offices in U.S. public universities, this study identified and classified increased entrepreneurial activities in the forms of acquisitions and mergers.
AdamsT.LeventhalM.ConnellyS. (2012). International student recruitment in Australia and the United States: Approaches and attitudes. In de WitH.DeardorffD.HeylJ. D.AdamsT. (Eds.), SAGE handbook of international higher education (pp. 399-416). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
AsterisM. (2006). British universities: The “coal exporters” of the 21st century. Journal of Studies in International Education, 10, 224-240.
4.
BeckerR. F. J. (2009). International branch campuses: Markets and strategies. London, England: Observatory on Borderless Higher Education.
5.
BhandariR.ChowP. (2011). Open doors: Report on international educational exchange. New York, NY: Institute of International Education.
6.
BraunV.ClarkeV. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77-101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
7.
Bureau of Economic Analysis. (2012). International economic accounts. U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved from http://bea.gov/international//
8.
BurnB. (2002). The curriculum as a global domain. Journal of Studies in International Education, 6, 253-261.
9.
BurnettS.HuismanJ. (2010). Universities’ responses to globalization: The influence of organizational culture. Journal of Studies in International Education, 14, 117-142.
10.
CaiY.KivistöJ. (2013). Tuition Fees for International Students in Finland: Where to Go From Here?Journal of Studies in International Education, 17, 55-78.
11.
CarboneJ.WinstonG. (2004). Saving, wealth, performance, and revenues in U.S. colleges and universities. Review of Higher Education, 28, 97-128.
12.
ClarkB. (1998). Creating entrepreneurial universities: Organizational pathways of transformation. Oxford, UK: International Association of Universities and Elsevier Science.
13.
DaviesJ. (1992). Developing a strategy for internationalization in universities: Towards a conceptual framework. In KlasekC. (Ed.), Bridges to the future: Strategies for internationalizing higher education (pp. 177-190). Carbondale, IL: Association of International Education Administration.
14.
DukeC. (2002). Cyperbole, commerce, and internationalization: “Desperate hope and desperate fear.”Journal of Studies in International Education, 6, 93-114.
15.
GarrettR. (2004). Transnational delivery by UK higher education, part 1: Innovation and competitive advantage. London, England: Observatory on Borderless Higher Education.
16.
GlazierL.KenschaftL. (2002, Summer). Welcome to America: The World War I era and the rise of international education in the United States. International Educator, 5, 5-11.
17.
GreenM. F.MarmolejoF.Egron-PolakE. (2012). The internationalization of higher education: Future prospects. In de WitH.DeardorffD.HeylJ. D.AdamsT. (Eds.), SAGE handbook of international higher education (pp. 439-457). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
HawthorneL. (2012). Designer immigrants? International students and two-step migration. In de WitH.DeardorffD.HeylJ. D.AdamsT. (Eds.), SAGE handbook of international higher education (pp. 417-433). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
20.
HensleyM. B.Galilee-BelferM.LeeJ. J. (2013). The greater good: Framing the role of higher education in the new economy. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 35, 553-567.
21.
HeylJ. D.TullbaneJ. (2012). Leadership in international higher education. In de WitH.DeardorffD.HeylJ. D.AdamsT. (Eds.), SAGE handbook of international higher education (pp. 113-131). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
22.
HoffaW. (2000). A history of U.S. study abroad: Beginnings to 1965. Lancaster, PA: Frontiers and The Forum on Education Abroad.
23.
HudzikJ. K.StohlM. (2012). Comprehensive and strategic internationalization of U.S. higher education. In de WitH.DeardorffD.HeylJ. D.AdamsT. (Eds.), SAGE handbook of international higher education (pp. 61-81). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
24.
Institute of International Education (IIE). (2013). Open doors report on international educational exchange. Retrieved from http://www.iie.org/opendoors
JonJ. E.LeeJ. J.ByunK. (2014). The emergence of a regional hub: Comparing international student choices and experiences in South Korea. Higher Education, 67, 691-710.
27.
KnightJ. (2003). GATS, trade and higher education: Perspective 2003—Where are we?London, England: Observatory on Borderless Higher Education.
28.
KnightJ. (2004). Internationalization remodeled: Definition, approaches, and rationales. Journal of Studies in International Education, 8(Spring), 5-31.
29.
KnightJ. (2005). An internationalization model: Responding to new realities and challenges. In de WitH.JaramilloI. C.Gacel-AvilaJ. (Eds.), Higher education in Latin America: The international dimension (pp. 1-38). Washington, DC: World Bank.
30.
KnightJ. (2007). Internationalization brings important benefits as well as risks. International Higher Education, 2007(46), 8-10.
31.
KnightJ. (2012). Concepts, rationales, and interpretive frameworks in the internationalization of higher education. In de WitH.DeardorffD.HeylJ. D.AdamsT. (Eds.), SAGE handbook of international higher education (pp. 27-43). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
32.
KnightJ.de WitH. (1995). Strategies for internationalisation of higher education: Historical and conceptual perspectives. In de WitH. (Ed.), Strategies for internationalisation of higher education: A comparative study of Australia, Canada, Europe, and the United States of America (pp. 5-32). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: European Association of International Education.
33.
LaneJ. E.KinserK. (2011). Reconsidering privatization in cross-border engagements: The sometimes public nature of private activity. Higher Education Policy, 24, 255-273.
34.
LeeJ. J. (2013). The false halo of internationalization. International Higher Education, 72, 5-7.
35.
LeeJ. J.HelmM. (2013). Student affairs capitalism. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice, 50, 290-307.
36.
MarginsonS.van der WendeM. (2009). The new global landscape of nations and institutions. In OECD Centre for Educational Research and Innovation (Ed.), Higher education to 2030, Vol. 2: Globalisation (pp. 17-57). Paris, France: Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development.
MazzarolT.SoutarG.SengM. (2003). The third wave: Future trends in international education. International Journal of Educational Management, 17(3), 90-99.
39.
OlcottD.Jr. (2009). Back to the UK future: Trends in internationalism and cross-border higher education. Perspectives: Policy and Practice in Higher Education, 13(4), 98-103.
PhefferJ.SalancikG. (1978). The external control of organizations: A resource dependence perspective. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
42.
ScottP. (1998). Massification, internationalization, and globalization. In ScottP. (Ed.), The globalization of higher education (pp. 108-129). Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.
43.
ShamsF.HuismanJ. (2012). Managing offshore branch campuses: An analytical framework for institutional strategies. Journal of Studies in International Education, 16, 106-127.
44.
Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. (2013). Academic ranking of world universities. Available from http://www.shanghairanking.com/
45.
SlaughterS.LeslieL. (1997). Academic capitalism: Politics, policies and the entrepreneurial university. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
46.
SlaughterS.RhoadesG. (2004). Academic capitalism and the new economy: Markets, state, and higher education. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
47.
TaylorJ. (2004). Towards a strategy for internationalisation: Lessons and practice from four universities. Journal of Studies in International Education, 8, 149-171.
48.
Vincent-LancrinS. (2009). Cross-border higher education: Trends and perspectives. In OECD Centre for Educational Research and Innovation (Ed.), Higher education to 2030, Vol. 2: Globalisation (pp. 63-86). Paris, France: Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development.
49.
WaltersD.AdamsT. (2001). Global reach though a strategic operations approach: An Australian case study. Journal of Studies in International Education, 5, 269-290.
50.
WelchA. (2012). Opportunistic entrepreneurialism and internationalisation of higher education: Lessons from the antipodes?Globalisation, Societies and Education, 10, 295-315.
51.
WilliamsG.KitaevI. (2005). Overview of national policy contexts for entrepreneurialism in higher education institutions. Higher Education Management and Policy, 17(3), 125-141.
