Cultural competence in nursing education is receiving renewed emphasis. Curricular input to incorporate such knowledge, attitudes, and skills encompasses a wide variety of teaching and learning methods. Five are described here: specialty focus, required courses, models, immersion experiences, and distance learning or simulation. Despite progress in incorporating cultural content into nursing curricula, several issues characterize all levels of nursing programs, including lack of consensus on what should be taught, lack of standards, limited and inconsistent formal evaluation of effectiveness, a decline of curricular specialty courses on culture, a focus on the microlevel of the nurse-patient encounter, and the need for, support of, and preparation of faculty.
Andrews, M. M., & Boyle, J. S. (2002). Transcultural concepts in nursing care. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 13(3), 178-180.
2.
Andrews, M. M., & Boyle, J. S. (2003). Transcultural concepts in nursing care. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
3.
Brown, N. J., & Barton, J. A. (1992). A collaborative effort between a state migrant health program and a baccalaureate nursing program. Journal of Community Health Nursing, 9(3), 151-159.
4.
California Board of Registered Nursing. (2006). Title 16, California Code of Regulations. Retrieved April 6, 2006 from http://www.rn.ca.gov/npa/title16.htm%231426
5.
Campinha-Bacote, J. (2002a). The process of cultural competence in the delivery of healthcare services: A culturally competent model of care. Retrieved April 26, 2006 from http://www.transculturalcare.net/
6.
Campinha-Bacote, J. (2002b). The process of cultural competence in the delivery of health care services: A model of care. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 13(3), 181-184.
7.
Campinha-Bacote, J. (2003). The process of cultural competence in the delivery of healthcare services (4th ed.). Cincinnati, OH: Transcultural C.A.R.E. Associates Press.
8.
Chrisman, N. & Zimmer, P. (2000). Cultural competence in primary care. In P. V. Meredith & N. M. Moran (Eds.), Adult primary care (pp. 65-75). Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.
9.
Cooper-Brathwaite, A. (2005). Evaluation of a cultural competence course. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 16(4), 361-369.
10.
Davidhizar, R., & Giger, J. N. (2001). Teaching culture within the nursing curricula using the Giger-Davidhizar model of transcultural nursing assessment. Journal of Nursing Education, 40(6), 282-284.
11.
Fahrenwald, N. L., Boysen, R., Fischer, C., & Maurer, R. (2001). Developing culture competence in the baccalaureate nursing student: A population-based project with the Hutterites. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 12(1), 48-55.
12.
Giger, J. N., & Davidhizar, R. E. (2002). The Giger and Davidhizar transcultural assessment model. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 13(3), 185-188.
13.
Giger, J. N., & Davidhizar, R. E. (2004). Transcultural nursing: Assessment and intervention. St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
14.
Giger, J. N., Davidhizar, R., Harden, J., Philips, J.Purnell, L., Strickland, O., et al. (in review). Developing cultural competence to eliminate health disparities in ethnic minorities and other vulnerable populations. Expert Panel on Cultural Competence, Report to the American Academy of Nursing.
15.
Huttlinger, K., & Keating, S. B. (1991). Understanding cultural diversity through a student exchange program. Nurse Educator, 16(5), 29-33.
16.
Kavanagh, K. H. (1995). Cross-cultural learning: An immersion example. In J. F. Wang (Ed.), Health care and culture (pp. 151-157). Morgantown, WV: University of West Virginia School of Nursing.
17.
Kavanagh, K. H. (1998). Summers of no return: Transforming care through a nursing field school. Journal of Nursing Education, 37(2) 71-79.
18.
Kollar, S. J., & Ailinger, R. A. (2002). International clinical experiences: Long-term impact on students. Nurse Educator, 27(1), 28-31.
19.
Leininger, M. (2002). Culture care theory: A major contribution to advance transcultural nursing knowledge and practice. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 13(3), 189-192.
20.
Lipson, J., & Dibble, S. (2005). Culture and clinical care. San Francisco: University of California, San Francisco Nursing Press.
21.
Purnell, L. (2002). The Purnell model for cultural competence. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 13(3), 193-196.
22.
Purnell, L. D., & Paulanka, B. J. (2003). Transcultural health care: A culturally competent approach. Philadelphia: Davis.
23.
Ryan, M., Carlton, K., & Ali, N. (2000). Transcultural nursing concepts and experiences in nursing curricula. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 11, 300-307.
24.
Spector, R. E. (2002). Cultural diversity in health care. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 13(3), 197-199.
25.
Spector, R. E. (2004). Cultural diversity in health and illness. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
26.
U.S. Office of Minority Health. (2001). National standards for culturally and linguistically appropriate services in health care. Retrieved August 4, 2004 from http.//www.omhrc.gov/clas/index.htm
