In this article a model for exploring group-processes called Systematizing Person-Group Relations (SPGR) is presented. First its theoretical foundation is laid out, then the model and its elements are explained in detail, and finally the model's potential for predicting group effectiveness is explored through the concept of group maturity.
Bales, R.F. (1950). Interaction process analysis: A method for the study of small groups. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.
2.
Bales, R.F. (1953). The equilibrium problem in small groups. In T. Parsons, R. F. Bales, & E. A. Shils (Eds.), Working papers in the theory of action (pp. 111-161). New York: Free Press.
3.
Bales, R.F. (1970). Personality and interpersonal behaviour. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
4.
Bales, R.F. (1985). The new field theory in social psychology. International Journal ofSmall Group Research, 1(1), 1-18.
5.
Bales, R.F. (1999). Social interaction systems. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
6.
Bales, R.F., & Cohen, S.P. (1979). SYMLOG: A system for the multiple level observation of groups. New York: Free Press .
7.
Becker-Beck, U., & Schneider, J.F. (1990). Kleingruppenforschung im deutschsprachigen Raum [Small group research in German-speaking parts of the world]. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 21, 274-297.
8.
Bion, W.R. (1987). Experiences in groups. London : Tavistock Publications.
Boëthius, S.B. (1983). Autonomy coping and defense in small work groups. An analysis of psychological processes within and between individual group members. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Stockholm, Sweden.
11.
Boëthius, S.B., Ögren, M.L., Sjøvold, E., & Sundin, E.C. (2005). Experiences of group culture and patterns of interaction in psychotherapy supervision groups. The Clinical Supervisor , 23(1), 101-120.
12.
Chidambaram, L., & Bostrom, R.P. (1997). Group development (I): A review and synthesis of development models. Group Decision and Negotiation, 6, 159-187.
Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Csikszentmihalyi, I.S. (1988). Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness. New York : Cambridge University Press.
15.
Fisch, R., Daniel, H.D., & Beck, D. (1991). Kleingruppenforschung — Schwerpunkt und Forschungstrends [Small group research: The center of gravity and trends in research]. Gruppendynamik, 21, 237-261.
16.
Hare, A.P. (1972). Four dimensions of interpersonal behavior. Psychological Reports, 30, 499-511.
17.
Hare, A.P. (1985). The significance of SYMLOG in the study of group dynamics. International Journal ofSmall Group Research, 1(1), 38-50.
18.
Hare, A.P. (2003). Roles, relationships, and groups in organizations: Some conclusions and recommendations. International Journal ofSmall Group Research, 34(2), 123-154.
Jern, S., & Hempel, A. (1999). The rise and decline of groups. In G. Colnerud, K. Granström , G. Guvå, A. Hempel, S. Jern, & M. Rosander (Eds.), Small group processes (FOG Collections No 2; pp.13-41). Linköping, Sweden: Skapande Vetande.
21.
Lewin, K. (1952). Field theory in social science. New York: Harper & Row.
22.
Lion, C.L., & Gruenfeld, L.W. (1993). The behavior and personality of work group and basic assumption group members. Small Group Research24(2), 236-257.
23.
McGrath, J.E. (1991). Time, interaction, and performance (TIP): A theory of groups. Small Group Research, 22(2), 147-174.
24.
Mills, T.M. (1984). The sociology of small groups. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
25.
Moreno, J.L. (1953). Who shall survive?New York : Beacon House, Inc.
26.
Orlik, P. (1987). Ein semantischer atlas zur kodierung alltagssprachlicher verhaltenbeshreibungen nach dem symlog raummodell [A semantic atlas for coding everyday life: Linguistic descriptions of behavior after the SYMLOG global model]. International Journal of Small Group Research, 3(1), 88-111.
27.
Orlik, P. (1989). SYMLOG — wieder ein 'New Look', der in die Jahre kommt? [SYMLOG: Another “new look” in the coming year?] . Gruppendynamik, 19, 221-241.
28.
Osgood, C.E., Suci, C.J., & Tannenbaum, P.H. (1957). The measurement of meaning . Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
29.
Parsons, T., Bales, R. F. , & Shils, E. A. (Eds.). (1953a). Working papers in the theory of action. New York: Free Press.
30.
Parsons, T., Bales, R.F., & Shils, E.A. (1953b). Phase movement in relation to motivation, symbol formation, and role structure. In T. Parsons , R. F. Bales, & E. A. Shils (Eds.), Working papers in the theory of action (pp. 163-269). New York: Free Press.
31.
Polley, R.B., Hare, A.P., & Stone, P.J. (1988). The SYMLOG practitioner: Applications of small group research. New York: Praeger .
32.
Poole, M. S., & Hollingshead, A. B. (Eds.). (2004). Theories of small groups: Interdiscipliary perspectives. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
33.
Sjøvold, E. (1995). Groups in harmony and tension: The development of an analysis of polarization based on the SYMLOG method. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Trondheim, Norway.
34.
Sjøvold, E. (2005). Bion's theory on group emotionality. In A. P. Hare, E. Sjøvold, H. G. Baker, & J. Powers (Eds.), Analysis of social interaction systems (pp. 35-56) . New York: University Press of America.
35.
Stogdill, R. (1981). Handbook of leadership: A survey of theory and research (B. M. Bass, Ed.)New York: Free Press.
36.
Stogdill, R., & Coons, A.E. (1957). Leader behavior: Its description and measurement . Columbus: Ohio State University, Bureau of Business Research.
37.
Turniansky, B., & Hare, A.P. (1998). Individuals and groups in organizations. London: Sage
