The research on the relationship between immigration and crime is central to the debate on immigration policies throughout Europe. This article reviews the research on whether immigrants in the Netherlands are more likely to engage in crime with a specific focus on whether Moroccans have a greater propensity to offend than the native Dutch. It is concluded that deficiencies in the research including the potential effects of bias against immigrant groups render the assessment of whether immigrants commit more crime than the native Dutch problematic.
AndriessenI.FerneeH.WittebroodK. (2014). Perceived discrimination in the Netherlands. The Hague, the Netherlands: The Netherlands Institute for Social Research.
2.
BlomM.JennissenR. (2014). The involvement of different ethnic groups in various types of crime in the Netherlands. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 20, 51–72.
3.
BlommaertL.CoendersM.van TubergenF. (2014). Discrimination of Arabic-named applicants in the Netherlands: An Internet-based field experiment examining different phases in online recruitment procedures. Social Forces, 92, 957–982.
4.
BonnetF.CaillaultC. (2015). The invader, the enemy within and they-who-must-not-be-named: How police talk about minorities in Italy, the Netherlands and France. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 38, 1185–1201.
5.
BovenkerkF.FokkemaT. (2016). Crime among young Moroccan men in the Netherlands: Does their regional origin matter?European Journal of Criminology, 13, 352–371.
6.
DownesD. (2007). Visions of penal control in the Netherlands. Crime and Justice, 36, 93–125.
GonzálezK.VerkuytenM.WeesieJ.PoppeE. (2008). Prejudice towards Muslims in the Netherlands: Testing integrated threat theory. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47, 667–685.
9.
GrasM.BovenkerkF. (1999). Migrants and ethnic minorities in the Netherlands: Discrimination in access to employment. In WrenchJ.ReaA.OualiN. (Eds.), Migrants, ethnic minorities and labour market: Integration and exclusion in Europe (pp. 93–108). New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.
10.
HarlandP.PeterH.Van derLaanSmeenkWilma H.WeermanFrank M.. (2005). Wangedrag en delinquentie op school . . . en daarbuiten: Prevalentie, ontwikkeling en samenhang [Misbehavior and delinquency at school. . . and beyond: Prevalence, development and cohesion]. The Hague: Boom Juridische Uitgevers.
11.
HillJ. M.BloklandA.van der GeestV. (2015). Volwassen worden en criminaliteit verschillen tussen etnische groepen in Nederland [Adult and crime differ between ethnic groups in the Netherlands]. Panopticon, 36, 1–36.
12.
HuijnkW.KesselsR. (2016). Criminaliteit [Crime]. In HuijnkW.AndriessenI. (red.), Integratie in zicht? De integratie van migranten in Nederland op acht terreinen nader bekeken [Integration in sight? The integration of migrants in the Netherlands in eight areas] (pp. 146–184). Den Haagthe, the Netherlands: SCP.
13.
JennissenR. P. W. (2009). Criminaliteit, leeftijd en etniciteit. The Hague, the Netherlands: WODC.
14.
JennissenR. (2014). On the deviant age-crime curve of Afro-Caribbean populations: The case of Antilleans living in the Netherlands. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 39, 571–594.
15.
JennissenR. (2017). Trends in de overrepresentative van jongens en jongemannen met een Marokkaanse achtergrond in de verdachtenstatistiek [Trends in the overrepresentative of boys and young men with a Moroccan background in the suspect statistics]. Justitiële Verkenningen, 43, 50–70.
16.
JungerM. (1989). Discrepancies between police and self-report data for Dutch racial minorities. British Journal of Criminology, 29, 273–284.
17.
Junger-TasJ. (1997). Ethnic minorities and criminal justice in the Netherlands. Crime and Justice, 21, 257–310.
18.
KorfD. J.BookelmanG. W.HaanT. (2001). Diversiteit in criminaliteit: Allochtone arrestanten in de Amsterdamse politiestatistiek. Tijdschrift voor Criminologie, 43, 230–259.
19.
LeerkesA.EngbersenG.van der LeunJ. (2012). Crime among irregular immigrants and the influence of internal border control. Crime, Law and Social Change, 58, 15–38.
20.
LoeberR.SlotW. (2007). Serious and violent juvenile delinquency: An update. Crime and Justice, 35, 503–592.
21.
MaliepaardM.GijsbertsM.LubbersM. (2012). Reaching the limits of secularization? Turkish- and Moroccan-Dutch Muslims in the Netherlands 1998–2006. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 51, 359–367.
22.
MaliepaardM.GijsbertsM.PhaletK. (2015). Islamic gatherings: Experiences of discrimination and religious affirmation across established and new immigrant communities. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 38, 2635–2651.
23.
SavelkoulM.ScheepersP.van der VeldW.HagendoornL. (2012). Comparing levels of anti-Muslim attitudes across western countries. Quality & Quantity, 46, 1617–1624.
24.
SnidermanP. M.HagendoornA. (2009). When ways of life collide multiculturalism and its discontents in the Netherlands. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
25.
SvenssonJ. S.SaharsoS. (2015). Proactive policing and equal treatment of ethnic-minority youths. Policing and Society, 25, 393–408.
26.
TonryM.BijleveldC. (2007). Crime, criminal justice, and criminology in the Netherlands. Crime and Justice, 35, 1–30.
27.
UnneverJ. D.BarnesJ. C.CullenF. T. (2016). The racial invariance thesis revisited: Testing an African American theory of offending. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 32, 7–26.
28.
UnneverJ. D.CullenF. T.BarnesJ. C. (2016). Racial discrimination, weakened school bonds, and problematic behaviors: Testing a theory of African American offending. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 53, 139–164.
29.
UnneverJ. D.GabbidonS. L. (2011). A theory of African American offending: Race, racism, and crime. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
30.
van Batenburg-EddesT.ButteD.van de Looij-JansenP.SchiethartW.RaatH.de WaartF.JansenW. (2012). Measuring juvenile delinquency: How do self-reports compare with official police statistics?European Journal of Criminology, 9, 23–37.
31.
van BergenD. D.ErsanilliE. F.PelsT. V. M.De RuyterD. J. (2016). Turkish-Dutch youths’ attitude toward violence for defending the in-group: What role does perceived parenting play?Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 22, 120–133.
32.
Van De WerfhorstH. G.Van TubergenF. (2007). Ethnicity, schooling, and merit in the Netherlands. Ethnicities, 7, 416–444.
33.
van der LeunJ. P.van der WoudeM. A. H. (2011). Ethnic profiling in the Netherlands? A reflection on expanding preventive powers, ethnic profiling and a changing social and political context. Policing and Society, 21, 444–455.
34.
van der LeunJ.van der WoudeM. A. H.LeupenA. J.BloklandA. A. (2013). Country profile: The Netherlands—An exploratory quantitative and qualitative research into perceptions on policing & ethnic profiling. Retrieved fromhttp://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2358040
35.
van der PutC.StamsG.DekovićM.HoeveM.van der LaanP. (2013). Ethnic differences in offense patterns and the prevalence and impact of risk factors for recidivism. International Criminal Justice Review, 23, 113–131.
36.
van der WoudeM. A. H.van der LeunJ. P.NijlandJ. A. A. (2014). Crimmigration in the Netherlands. Law & Social Inquiry, 39, 560–579.
37.
VerkuytenM. (2002). Perceptions of ethnic discrimination by minority and majority early adolescents in the Netherlands. International Journal of Psychology, 37, 321–332.
38.
VerkuytenM. (2007). Religious group identification and inter-religious relations: A study among Turkish-Dutch Muslims. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 10, 341–357.
39.
VerkuytenM. (2016). Dual identity and immigrants’ protest against discrimination: The moderating role of diversity ideologies. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 20, 924–934.
40.
VerkuytenM.HindriksP.CoendersM. (2016). Majority members’ feelings about political representation of Muslim immigrants. Social Psychology, 47, 257–269.
41.
WeermanF. M. (2007). Juvenile offending. Crime and Justice, 35, 261–318.
42.
WirtzC.van der PligtJ.DoosjeB. (2016). Negative attitudes toward Muslims in the Netherlands: The role of symbolic threat, stereotypes, and moral emotions. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 22, 75–83.
43.
WittebroodK. (2003). Juvenile crime and sanctions in the Netherlands. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 19, 435–453.
44.
ZorluA. (2013). Welfare use of migrants in the Netherlands. International Journal of Manpower, 34, 83–95.
