Diversity management practices consist of the set of formalized practices developed and implemented by organizations to manage diversity effectively among all organizational stakeholders. We review the extant literature on antecedents and outcomes of diversity management practices. Applying institutional and resource-based theories, we develop a research model outlining several possible avenues for future research. We also identify ways that research on diversity management practices has the potential to advance the two theoretical perspectives.
Allison, M.T. ( 1999). Organizational barriers to diversity in the workplace . Journal of Leisure Research, 31, 78-101.
2.
Avery, D.R., & McKay, P.F. (2006). Target practices: An organizational impression management approach to attracting minority and female job applicants . Personnel Psychology, 59, 157-187.
3.
Avery, D.R., McKay, P.F., & Wilson, D.C. ( 2008). What are the odds? How demographic similarity affects the prevalence of perceived employment discrimination. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 235-249.
4.
Avery, D.R., McKay, P.F., Wilson, D.C., & Tonidandel, S. (2007). Unequal attendance: The relationships between race, organizational diversity cues, and absenteeism . Personnel Psychology, 60, 875-902.
5.
Balser, D.B. ( 1999). Implementing new employment law: A contested terrain (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Cornell University , Ithaca, NY.
6.
Barney, J.B. ( 1989). Asset stock accumulation and sustained competitive advantage: A comment. Management Science, 35, 1511-1513.
7.
Barney, J.B., & Clark, D.N. ( 2007). Resource-based theory: Creating and sustaining competitive advantage. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
8.
Baron, J.N., Dobbin, F., & Jennings, P.D. (1986). War and peace: The evolution of modern personnel administration in U.S. industry. American Journal of Sociology, 92, 350-383.
9.
Barreto, I., & Baden-Fuller, C. (2006). To conform or to perform? Mimetic behaviour, legitimacy-based groups and performance consequences. Journal of Management Studies, 43, 1559-1581.
10.
Baum, J.A.C., & Oliver, C. ( 1991). Institutional linkages and organizational mortality. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36, 187-218.
11.
Becker, B.E., & Huselid, M.A. ( 2006). Strategic human resources management: Where do we go from here? Journal of Management, 32, 898-925.
12.
Benimadhu, P.P., & Wright, R. ( 1991). Employment equity: Impact of the legislation. Canadian Business Review, 18(2), 22-25.
13.
Benschop, Y. ( 2001). Pride, prejudice, and performance: Relations between HRM, diversity and performance. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12, 1166-1181.
14.
Bierema, L.L. ( 2005). Women executives’ concerns related to implementing and sustaining a women’s network in a corporate context. Organizational Development Journal, 23(2), 8-20.
15.
Bierman, L. ( 2001). OFCCP affirmative action rewards and stock market reaction . Labor Law Journal, 52, 147-156.
16.
Bilimoria, D., Joy, S., & Liang, X. ( 2008). Breaking barriers and creating inclusive-ness: Lessons of organizational transformation to advance women faculty in academic science and engineering. Human Resource Management, 47, 423-441.
17.
Bobocel, D.R., & Farrell, A.C. ( 1996). Sex-based promotion decisions and interactional fairness: Investigating the influence of managerial accounts. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 22-35.
18.
Bowers, C.A., Pharmer, J.A., & Salas, E. ( 2000). When member homogeneity is needed in work teams: A meta-analysis . Small Group Research, 31, 305-327.
19.
Buttner, E.H., Lowe, K.B., & Billings-Harris, L. (2006). The influence of organizational diversity orientation and leader attitude on diversity activities. Journal of Managerial Issues, 18, 356-371.
20.
Chatman, J.A., Polzer, J.T., Barsade, S.G., & Neele, M.A. ( 1998). Being different yet feeling similar: The influence of demographic composition and organizational culture on work processes and outcomes . Administrative Science Quarterly, 43, 749-780.
21.
Choi, S. ( 2008). Diversity in the U.S. Federal Government: Diversity management and employee turnover in federal agencies. Journal of Public Administration Research & Theory, 19, 603-630.
22.
Cox, T., Jr. ( 1993). Cultural diversity in organizations: Theory, research and practices. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler.
23.
Cox, T., Jr. ( 2001). Creating the multicultural organization: A strategy for capturing the power of diversity. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
24.
Cox, T., Jr., & Blake, S. ( 1991). Managing cultural diversity: Implications for organizational competitiveness. Academy of Management Executive, 5(3), 45-56.
25.
Day, N.E., & Schoenrade, P. (2000). The relationship among reported disclosure of sexual orientation, anti-discrimination policies, top management support and work attitudes of gay and lesbian employees. Personnel Review, 29, 346-363.
26.
DiMaggio, P., & Powell, W.W. ( 1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48, 147-160.
27.
Dobbin, F., Sutton, J.R., Meyer, J.W., & Scott, W.R. ( 1993). Equal employment opportunity law and the construction of internal labor markets. American Journal of Sociology, 99, 396-427.
28.
Douglas, P. ( 2007). Diversity and the gay and lesbian community: More than chasing the pink dollar. Ivey Business Journal Online, 71(7). Retrieved from http://www.iveybusinessjournal.com/?p=1486
29.
Edelman, L.B. ( 1992). Legal ambiguity and symbolic structures: Organizational mediation of civil rights law. American Journal of Sociology , 97, 1531-1576.
30.
Elkins, T.J., Bozeman, D.P., & Phillips, J.S. (2003). Promotion decisions in an affirmative action environment: Can social accounts change fairness perceptions ? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33, 1111-1139.
31.
Ely, R.D. ( 2004). A field study of group diversity, participation in diversity education programs, and performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 755-780.
32.
Ely, R.D., & Thomas, D.A. ( 2001). Cultural diversity at work: The effects of diversity perspectives on work group processes and outcomes. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46, 229-273.
33.
French, E. ( 2001). Approaches to equity management and their relationship to women in management. British Journal of Management, 12, 267-285.
34.
Friedman, R.A., & Holtom, B. ( 2002). The effects of network groups on minority employee turnover intentions. Human Resource Management, 41, 405-421.
35.
Friedman, R.A., Kane, M., & Cornfield, D.B. (1998). Social support and career optimism: Examining the effectivenes of network groups among black managers . Human Relations, 51, 1155-1177.
36.
Fuller, S.R., Edelman, L.B., & Matusik, S.F. ( 2000). Legal readings: Employee interpretation and mobilization of law. Academy of Management Review, 25, 200-217.
37.
Gilbert, J.A., & Ivancevich, J.M. (2001). Effects of diversity management on attachment. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31, 1331-1349.
38.
Goldin, C., & Rouse, C. ( 2000). Orchestrating impartiality: The impact of "blind" auditions on female musicians. American Economic Review, 90, 715-741.
39.
Graves, L.M., & Powell, G.N. ( 1994). Effects of sex-based preferential selection and discrimination on job attitudes. Human Relations, 47, 133-156.
40.
Heilman, M.E., Battle, W.S., Keller, C.E., & Lee, R.E. ( 1998). Type of affirmative action policy: A determinant of reactions to sex-based preferential selection? Journal of Applied Psychology , 83, 190-205.
41.
Helfat, C.E., & Peteraf, M.A. ( 2003). The dynamic resource-based view: Capability lifecycles . Strategic Management Journal, 24, 997-1010.
42.
Heugens, P.P.M.A.R., & Lander, M.W. ( 2009). Structure! Agency! (And other quarrels): A meta-analysis of institutional theories in organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 52, 61-85.
43.
Hicks-Clarke, D., & Iles, P. ( 2000). Climate for diversity and its effects on career and organizational attitudes and perceptions. Personnel Review, 29, 324-345.
44.
Hirsch, P.M., & Lounsbury, M. ( 1997). Ending the family quarrel: Toward a reconciliation of "old" and "new" institutionalisms. American Behavioral Scientist , 40, 406-418.
45.
Holzer, H., & Neumark, D. ( 2000). What does affirmative action do?Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 53, 240-271.
46.
Homan, A.C., van Knippenberg, D., Van Kleef, G.A., & De Dreu, C.K.W. (2007). Bridging faultlines by valuing diversity: Diversity beliefs, information elaboration, and performance in diverse work groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1189-1199.
47.
Hopkins, N. ( 2007). Diversification of a university faculty: Women faculty in the MIT schools of science and engineering. New England Journal of Public Policy, 22, 119-134.
48.
Huffcutt, A.I., & Roth, P.L. ( 1998). Racial group differences in employment interview evaluations . Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 179-189.
49.
Jehn, K.A., & Bezrukova, K. ( 2004). A field study of group diversity, workgroup context, and performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 730-729.
50.
Joshi, A., & Roh, H. ( 2009). The role of context in work team diversity research: A meta-analytic review. Academy of Management Journal, 52, 599-628.
51.
Kalev, A., Dobbin, F., & Kelly, E. ( 2006). Best practices or best guesses? Assessing the efficacy of corporate affirmative action and diversity policies. American Sociological Review, 71, 589-617.
52.
Kearney, E., & Gebert, D. ( 2009). Managing diversity and enhancing team outcomes: The promise of transformational leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology , 94, 77-89.
53.
Kellough, J.E., & Naff, K.C. ( 2004). Responding to a wake-up call: An examination of federal agency diversity management programs. Administration & Society, 36, 62-90.
54.
Kelly, E., & Dobbin, F. ( 1998). How affirmative action became diversity management: Employer response to antidiscrimination law, 1961-1996. American Behavioral Scientist, 41, 960-984.
55.
Kennedy, M.T., & Fiss, P.C. ( 2009). Institutionalization, framing, and diffusion: The logic of TQM adoption and implementation decisions among U.S. hospitals. Academy of Management Journal, 52, 897-918.
56.
Kochan, T.A., Bezrukova, K., Jackson, S., Joshi, A., Jehn, K.E., Leonard, D., . . . Thomas, D. ( 2003). The effects of diversity on business performance: Report of the diversity research network. Human Resource Management , 42(1), 3-21.
57.
Konrad, A.M., & Linnehan, F. ( 1995). Formalized HRM structures: Coordinating equal employment opportunity or concealing organizational practices? Academy of Management Journal, 38, 787-820.
58.
Konrad, A.M., & Linnehan, F. ( 2003). Affirmative action as a means of increasing workforce diversity. In M. J. Davidson & S. L. Fielden (Eds.), Individual diversity and psychology in organizations (pp. 95-111). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
59.
Kossek, E.E., Lobel, S.A., & Brown, J. ( 2006). Human resource strategies to manage workforce diversity: Examining "the business case." In A. M. Konrad, P. Prasad, & J. K. Pringle (Eds.), Handbook of workplace diversity (pp. 53-74). London, UK: SAGE .
60.
Kossek, E.E., Markel, K.S., & McHugh, P.P. (2003). Increasing diversity as an HRM change strategy. Journal of Organizational Change Management , 16, 328-352.
61.
Kossek, E.E., & Pichler, S. ( 2006). EEO and the management of diversity. In P. Boxell, J. Purcell, & P. M. Wright (Eds.), Handbook of Human Resource Management (pp. 251-272). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
62.
Kostova, T., Roth, K., & Dacin, M.T. ( 2008). Institutional theory in the study of multinational corporations: A critique and new directions. Academy of Management Review , 33, 994-1006.
63.
Kraatz, M.S., & Zajac, E.J. ( 1996). Exploring the limits of the new institutionalism: The causes and consequences of illegitimate organizational change. American Sociological Review, 61, 812-836.
64.
Kulik, C.T., & Roberson, L. ( 2008). Common goals and missed opportunities: A research agenda for diversity education in academic and organizational settings. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 7, 371-375.
65.
Lawrence, T.B., & Suddaby, R. ( 2006). Institutions and institutional work. In S. R. Clegg, C. Hardy , T. B. Lawrence, & W. R. Nord (Eds.), Handbook of organization studies (pp. 215-254). London, UK: SAGE .
66.
Leck, J.D., & Saunders, D.M. (1992). Hiring women: The effects of Canada’s Employment Equity Act. Canadian Public Policy , 18, 203-220.
67.
Leck, J.D., St. Onge, S., & LaLancette, I. (1995). Wage gap changes among organizations subject to the Employment Equity Act. Canadian Public Policy, 21, 387-400.
68.
Leonard, J.S. ( 1985). What promises are worth: The impact of affirmative action goals. Journal of Human Resources, 20, 3-20.
69.
Linehan, M. ( 2001). Networking for female managers’ career development: Empirical evidence. Journal of Management Development, 20, 823-829.
70.
Litvin, D.R. ( 2006). Diversity: Making space for a better case. In A. M. Konrad, P. Prasad , & J. K. Pringle (Eds.), Handbook of workplace diversity (pp. 75-94). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
71.
Magoshi, E., & Chang, E. ( 2009). Diversity management and the effects on employees’ organizational commitment: Evidence from Japan and Korea. Journal of World Business, 44, 31-40.
72.
Martinez, R.J., & Dacin, M.T. ( 1999). Efficiency motives and normative forces: Combining transactions costs and institutional logic. Journal of Management, 25, 75-96.
73.
Martins, L.L., & Parsons, C.K. ( 2007). Effects of gender diversity management on perceptions of organizational attractiveness: The role of individual differences in attitudes and beliefs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 865-875.
74.
McKay, P.F., & Avery, D.R. ( 2006). What has race got to do with it? Unraveling the role of racioethnicity in job seekers’ reactions to site visits. Personnel Psychology, 59, 395-429.
75.
McKay, P.F., Avery, D.R., & Morris, M.A. ( 2008). Mean racial-ethnic differences in employee sales performance: The moderating role of diversity climate. Personnel Psychology , 61, 349-374.
76.
McKay, P.F., Avery, D.R., & Morris, M.A. ( 2009). A tale of two climates: Diversity climate from subordinates’ and managers’ perspectives and their role in store unit sales performance . Personnel Psychology, 62, 767-791.
77.
McKay, P.F., Avery, D.R., Tonidandel, S., Morris, M.A., Hernandez, M., & Hebl, M.R. ( 2007). Racial differences in employee retention: Are diversity climate perceptions the key? Personnel Psychology, 60, 35-62.
78.
Meyer, J.W., & Rowan, B. ( 1977). Institutionalized organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony. American Journal of Sociology, 83, 340-363.
79.
Meyerson, D.E. ( 2001). Tempered radicals: How people use difference to inspire change at work. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School.
80.
Moore, M.E., Konrad, A.M., & Hunt, J. ( 2010). Creating a vision boosts the impact of top management support on the employment of managers with disabilities: The case of sport organizations in the USA. Equality, Diversity & Inclusion: An International Journal, 29(6), 609-625.
81.
Moore, M.E., Parkhouse, B.L., & Konrad, A.M. ( 2001). Women in sport management: Advancing the representation through HRM structures. Women in Management Review, 16(2), 51-61.
82.
Moore, M.E., Parkhouse, B.L., & Konrad, A.M. ( 2004). Diversity programs: Influencing female students to sport management? Women in Management Review, 19, 304-316.
83.
Mor Barak, M.E., Cherin, D.A., & Berkman, S. ( 1998). Organizational and personal dimensions in diversity climate: Ethnic and gender differences in employee perceptions. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 34, 82-104.
84.
Naff, K.C., & Kellough, J.E. (2003). Ensuring employment equity: Are federal diversity programs making a difference? International Journal of Public Administration, 26, 1307-1336.
85.
Nishii, L.H., & Mayer, D.M. ( 2009). Do inclusive leaders help to reduce turnover in diverse groups? The moderating role of leader-member exchange in the diversity to turnover relationship. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 1412-1426.
86.
Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs. ( 2002). Facts on Executive Order 11246-Affirmative action. Retrieved from http://www.dol.gov/ofccp/regs/compliance/aa.htm
87.
Oliver, C. ( 1991). Strategic responses to institutional processes. Academy of Management Review, 16, 145-179.
88.
Oliver, C. ( 1997). Sustainable competitive advantage: Combining institutional and resource-based views. Strategic Management Journal, 18, 697-713.
89.
Parker, C.P., Baltes, B.B., & Christiansen, N.D. (1997). Support for affirmative action, justice perceptions, and work attitudes: A study of gender and racial-ethnic group differences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 376-389.
90.
Pitts, D. ( 2009). Diversity management, job satisfaction, and performance: Evidence from U.S. Federal agencies. Public Administration Review, 69, 328-338.
91.
Priem, R.L., & Butler, J.E. ( 2001). Is the resource based "view" a useful perspective for strategic management research? Academy of Management Review , 26, 22-40.
92.
Pugh, S.D., Dietz, J., Brief, A.P., & Wiley, J.W. ( 2008). Looking inside and out: The impact of employee and community demographic composition on organizational diversity climate. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 1422-1428.
93.
Ragins, B.R., & Cornwell, J.M. (2001). Pink triangles: Antecedents and consequences of perceived workplace discrimination against gay and lesbian employees. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 1244-1261.
94.
Rangarajan, N., & Black, T. ( 2007). Exploring organizational barriers to diversity: A case study of the New York State Education Department. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 27, 249-263.
95.
Richard, O. ( 2000). Racial diversity, business strategy, and firm performance: A resource-based view. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 164-177.
96.
Richard, O., Barnett, T., Dwyer, S., & Chadwick, K. ( 2004). Cultural diversity in management, firm performance, and the moderating role of entrepreneurial orientation dimensions. Academy of Management Journal, 47, 255-266.
97.
Richard, O., & Johnson, N.B. ( 1999). Making the connection between formal human resource diversity practices and organizational effectiveness. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 12, 77-96.
98.
Richard, O., McMillan, A., Chadwick, K., & Dwyer, S. ( 2003). Employing an innovation strategy in racially diverse workforces: Effects on firm performance. Group & Organization Management, 28, 107-126.
99.
Roberson, L., Kulik, C.T., & Pepper, M.B. ( 2003). Using needs assessment to resolve controversies in diversity training design. Group & Organization Management, 28, 148-174.
100.
Roberson, L., Kulik, C.T., & Pepper, M.B. ( 2009). Individual and environmental factors influencing the use of transfer strategies after diversity training. Group & Organization Management, 34, 67-89.
101.
Roberson, Q.M., & Park, H.J. ( 2007). Examining the link between diversity and firm performance: The effects of diversity reputation and leader racial diversity. Group & Organization Management, 32, 548-568.
102.
Roberson, Q.M., & Stevens, C.K. ( 2006). Making sense of diversity in the workplace: Organizational justice and language abstraction in employees’ accounts of diversity-related incidents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 379-391.
103.
Rynes, S., & Rosen, B. ( 1995). A field survey of factors affecting the adoption and perceived success of diversity training. Personnel Psychology , 48, 247-270.
104.
Schneiberg, M., & Soule, S.A. ( 2005). Institutionalization as a contested, multilevel process: The case of rate regulation in American fire insurance. In G. Davis, D. McAdam , W. R. Scott, & M. Zald (Eds.), Social movements and organization theory (pp. 122-160). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Stewart, M.M., & Johnson, O.E. ( 2009). Leader-member exchange as a moderator of the relationship between work group diversity and team performance. Group & Organization Management, 34, 507-535.
107.
Süß, S., & Kleiner, M. ( 2008). Dissemination of diversity management in Germany: A new institutionalist approach. European Management Journal, 26, 35-47.
108.
Taylor, M.C. ( 1994). Impact of affirmative action on beneficiary groups: Evidence from the 1990 General Social Survey. Basic & Applied Social Psychology, 15, 143-178.
109.
Thomas, D.A. ( 2004). Diversity as strategy. Harvard Business Review, 82(9), 98-108.
110.
Thomas, K. M. (Ed.). (2008). Diversity resistance in organizations. New York, NY: Erlbaum.
111.
Tolbert, P.S., & Zucker, L.G. ( 1983). Institutional sources of change in the formal structure of organizations: The diffusion of civil service reform. Administrative Science Quarterly, 28, 22-39.
112.
Turner, M.E., & Pratkanis, A.R. (1994). Affirmative action as help: A review of recipient reactions to preferential selection and affirmative action. Basic & Applied Social Psychology, 15, 43-69.
113.
van Knippenberg, D., De Dreu, C.K.W., & Homan, A.C. ( 2004). Work group diversity and group performance: An integrative model and research agenda. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 1008-1022.
114.
Webber, S.S., & Donahue, L.M. ( 2001). Impact of highly and less job-related diversity on work group cohesion and performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Management, 27, 141-162.
115.
Weigand, R.A. ( 2007). Organizational diversity, profits and returns in U.S. firms. Problems & Perspectives in Management, 5(3), 69-83.
116.
Westphal, J.E., Gulati, R., & Shortell, S.M. (1997). Customization or conformity? An institutional and network perspective on the content and consequences of TQM adoption. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42, 366-394.
117.
Williams, J.H., Fitzgerald, L.F., & Drasgow, F. ( 1999). The effects of organizational practices on sexual harassment and individual outcomes in the military. Military Psychology , 11, 303-328.
118.
Williams, K.Y., & O’Reilly, C.A.I. (1998). Demography and diversity in organizations: A review of 40 years of research. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 20, pp. 77-140). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
119.
Wong, S. ( 2008). Diversity: Making space for everyone at NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center using dialogue to break through barriers. Human Resource Management, 47, 389-399.
120.
Woodhams, C., & Corby, S. ( 2007). Then and now: Disability legislation and employers’ practices in the UK. British Journal of Industrial Relations , 45, 556-580.
121.
Wright, P., Ferris, S.P., Hiller, J.S., & Kroll, M. ( 1995). Competitiveness through management of diversity: Effects on stock price valuation. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 272-287.
122.
Wright, P.M., & Snell, S.A. ( 1991). Toward an integrative view of strategic human resource management. Human Resource Management Review, 1, 203-225.
