This study examines employees’ challenging assignments as manageable means to reduce turnover intentions, job search behaviors, and voluntary turnover. Results indicate that challenging assignments are negatively related to turnover intentions and job search behaviors and that these relationships are mediated by on-the-job learning. Moreover, results show that an increase in challenging assignments over time is negatively related to voluntary employee turnover, when controlling for employees’ initial turnover intentions and job search behaviors. A decrease in challenging assignments is positively related to voluntary turnover, when controlling for employees’ initial turnover intentions and job search behaviors. These results suggest that challenging assignments may be a valuable tool for managers and their organizations to lower voluntary employee turnover.
Aarons, G.A., & Sawitzky, A.C. (2006). Organizational climate partially mediates the effect of culture on work attitudes and staff turnover in mental health services. Administration & Policy in Mental Health & Mental Health Services Research, 33, 289-301.
2.
Aguinis, H., Werner, S., Abbott, J.L., Angert, C., Park, J.H., & Kohlhausen, D. (2010). Customer-centric science: Reporting research results with rigor, relevance, and practical impact in mind. Organizational Research Methods, 13, 515-539.
3.
Allen, D.G., Weeks, K.P., & Moffitt, K.R. ( 2005). Turnover intentions and voluntary turnover: The moderating roles of self-monitoring, locus of control, proactive personality, and risk aversion. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 980-990.
4.
Aquino, K., Griffeth, R.W., Allen, D.G., & Hom, P.W. ( 1997). Integrating justice constructs into the turnover process: A test of a referent cognitions model. Academy of Management Journal, 40, 1208-1227.
5.
Aragón-Sánchez, A., Barba-Aragón , I., & Sanz-Valle, R. (2003). Effects of training on business results. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14, 956-980.
6.
Arnold, H.J., & Feldman, D.C. ( 1982). A multivariate analysis of the determinants of job turnover . Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 350-360.
7.
Arthur, W., Bennett, W., Edens, P.S., & Bell, S.T. ( 2003). Effectiveness of training in organizations: A meta-analysis of design and evaluation features. Journal of Applied Psychology , 88, 234-245.
8.
Bakker, A.B., & Demerouti, E. ( 2007). The job demands-resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22, 309-328.
9.
Bandura, A. ( 1986). Social foundations of thought and action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
10.
Bandura, A. ( 1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY: Freeman.
11.
Bannan, K.J. ( 2003). Companies save time, money with online surveys. B to B, 88(6), 1-2.
12.
Barrett, A., & O’Connell, P.J. (2001). Does training generally work? Measuring the results of in-company training. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 54, 647-662.
13.
Barrick, M.R., & Zimmerman, R.D. (2005). Reducing voluntary, avoidable turnover through selection. Journal of Applied Psychology , 90, 159-166.
14.
Barrie, J., & Pace, R.W. ( 1998). Learning for organizational effectiveness: Philosophy of education and human resource development. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 9, 39-54.
15.
Baruch, Y. ( 1999). Response rate in academic studies-A comparative analysis . Human Relations, 52, 421-438.
16.
Baruch, Y., & Holtom, B.C. ( 2008). Survey response rate level and trends in organizational research. Human Relations, 61, 1139-1160.
17.
Bauer, T.N., & Green, S.G. ( 1996). Development of leader-member exchange: A longitudinal test. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 1538-1567.
18.
Becker, G.S. ( 1962). Investment in human capital: A theoretical analysis. Journal of Political Economy, 70(5), 9-49.
19.
Bennett, J.B., Lehman, W.E.K., & Forst, J.K. ( 1999). Change, transfer climate, and customer orientation-A contextual model and analysis of change-driven training. Group & Organization Management, 24, 188-216.
20.
Benson, G.S., Finegold, D., & Mohrman, S.A. ( 2004). You paid for the skills, now keep them: Tuition reimbursement and voluntary turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 47, 315-331.
21.
Berings, M.G.M.C., Poell, R.F., & Simons, P.R.-J. (2008). Dimensions of on-the-job learning styles. Applied Psychology: An International Review , 57, 417-440.
22.
Berlew, D.E., & Hall, D.T. ( 1966). The socialization of managers: Effects of expectations on performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 11, 207-223.
23.
Blume, B.D., Ford, J.K., Baldwin, T.T., & Huang, J.L. ( 2010). Transfer of training: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Management, 36, 1065-1105.
24.
Boswell, W.R., Roehling, M.V., LePine, M.A., & Moynihan, L.M. (2003). Individual job-choice decisions and the impact of job attributes and recruitment practices: A longitudinal field study. Human Resource Management, 42, 23-37.
25.
Brown, S.P., & Leigh, T.W. ( 1996). A new look at psychological climate and its relationship to individual job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology , 81, 358-368.
26.
Campbell, D.J., & Campbell, K.M. (2003). Global versus facet predictors of intention to quit: Differences in a sample of male and female Singaporean managers and non-managers. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14, 1152-1177.
27.
Cappelli, P. ( 2004). Why do employers pay for college. Journal of Econometrics, 121, 213-241.
28.
Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. ( 2005). Employee turnover and retention. Retrieved January 26, 2010, from http://www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/hrpract/turnover/empturnretent.htm?IsSrchRes=1.
29.
Cianni, M., & Romberger, B. ( 1995). Perceived racial, ethnic, and gender differences in access to developmental experiences. Group & Organization Management , 20, 440-459.
30.
Clarke, N. ( 2004). HRD and the challenges of assessing learning in the workplace . International Journal of Training and Development, 8, 140-156.
31.
Cotton, J.L., & Tuttle, J.M. ( 1986). Employee turnover: A meta-analysis and review with implications for research. Academy of Management Review, 11, 55-70.
32.
Couper, M.P. ( 2000). Web surveys: A review of issues and approaches. Public Opinion Quarterly, 64, 464-494.
33.
Cronbach, L.J., & Furby, L. ( 1970). How we should measure "change"-Or should we? Psychological Bulletin, 74, 68-80.
34.
Davies, J., & Easterby-Smith, M. (1984). Learning and developing from managerial work experiences. Journal of Management Studies , 21, 169-183.
35.
Davy, J.A., Kinicki, A.J., & Scheck, C.L. ( 1997). A test of job security’s direct and mediated effects on withdrawal cognitions. Journal of Organizational Behavior , 18, 323-349.
36.
de Jonge, J., Dormann, C., Janssen, P.P. M., Dollard, M.F., Landeweerd, J.A., & Nijhuis, F.J.N. (2001). Testing reciprocal relationships between job characteristics and psychological well-being: A cross-lagged structural equation model. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, 74, 29-46.
37.
de Lange, A.H., De Witte, H., & Notelaers, G. ( 2008). Should I stay or should I go? Examining longitudinal relations among job resources and work engagement for stayers versus movers . Work & Stress, 22, 201-223.
38.
De Pater, I.E., Van Vianen, A.E.M., & Bechtoldt, M.N. (2010). Gender differences in job challenge: A matter of task allocation. Gender, Work & Organization, 17, 433-453.
39.
De Pater, I.E., Van Vianen, A.E.M., Bechtoldt, M.N., & Klehe, U.C. ( 2009). Employees’ challenging job experiences and supervisors’ evaluations of promotability. Personnel Psychology, 62, 297-325.
40.
De Pater, I.E., Van Vianen, A.E.M., Fischer, A.H., & Van Ginkel, W.P. (2009). Challenging experiences: Gender differences in task choice. Journal of Managerial Psychology , 24, 4-28.
41.
De Pater, I.E., Van Vianen, A.E.M., Humphrey, R.H., Sleeth, R.G., Hartman, N.S., & Fischer, A.H. ( 2009). Individual task choice and the division of challenging tasks between men and women. Group & Organization Management , 34, 563-589.
42.
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A.B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W.B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 499-512.
43.
DeRue, D.S., & Wellman, N. ( 2009). Developing leaders via experience: The role of developmental challenge, learning orientation, and feedback availability. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 859-875.
44.
Dickerson, A., & Taylor, M.A. ( 2000). Self-limiting behavior in women. Group & Organization Management, 25, 191-210.
45.
Dillman, D.A. ( 2000). Mail and Internet surveys: The tailored design method . New York, NY: Wiley.
46.
Dragoni, L., Tesluk, P.E., Russell, J.E.A., & Oh, I.S. ( 2009). Understanding managerial development: Integrating developmental assignments, learning orientation, and access to developmental opportunities in predicting managerial competencies. Academy of Management Journal, 52, 731-743.
Dweck, C.S., & Leggett, E.L. ( 1988). A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality . Psychological Review, 95, 256-273.
49.
Eisenberger, R., Stinglhamber, F., Vandenberghe, C., Sucharski, I.L., & Rhoades, L. ( 2002). Perceived supervisor support: Contributions to perceived organizational support and employee retention. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 565-573.
50.
Elliot, A.J., & Dweck, C.S. ( 2005). Competence and motivation: Competence as the core of achievement motivation In A. J. Elliot & C. S. Dweck (Eds.), Handbook of competence and motivation (pp. 3-12). New York, NY: Guilford.
51.
Evans, J.R., & Mathur, A. ( 2005). The value of online surveys. Internet Research, 15, 195-219.
52.
Ferris, G.R., & Judge, T.A. ( 1991). Personnel/human resources management: A political influence perspective. Journal of Management, 17, 447-488.
53.
Ford, L. ( 2009). Improving training transfer. Industrial and Commercial Training, 41, 92-96.
54.
Ford, J.K., Quinones, M.A., Sego, D.J., & Sorra, J.S. ( 1992). Factors affecting the opportunity to perform trained tasks on the job. Personnel Psychology, 45, 511-527.
55.
Fox, M.L., Dwyer, D.J., & Ganster, D.C. ( 1993). Effects of stressful job demands and control on physiological and attitudinal outcomes in a hospital setting. Academy of Management Journal, 36, 289-318.
56.
Frazis, H.J., Herz, D.E., & Horrigan, M.W. (1995). Employer-provided training: Results from a new survey. Monthly Labor Review, 118(5), 3-17.
57.
Gagné, M., & Deci, E.L. ( 2005). Self-determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 331-362.
58.
Gagné, M., Senécal, C.B., & Koestner, R. ( 1997). Proximal job characteristics, feelings of empowerment, and intrinsic motivation: A multidimensional model. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27, 1222-1240.
59.
Gambino, K.M. ( 2010). Motivation for entry, occupational commitment and intent to remain: A survey regarding registered nurse retention. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66, 2532-2541.
60.
Gardner, D.G., Cummings, L.L., Dunham, R.B., & Pierce, J.L. ( 1998). Single-item versus multiple-item measurement scales: An empirical comparison. Educational and Psychological Measurement58, 898-915.
61.
Gerhart, B. ( 1990). Voluntary turnover and alternative job opportunities . Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 467-476.
62.
Gerhart, B., & Rynes, S. ( 1991). Determinants and consequences of salary negotiations by male and female MBA graduates. Journal of Applied Psychology , 76, 256-262.
63.
Gherardi, S., Nicolini, D., & Odella, F. ( 1998). Toward a social understanding of how people learn in organizations: The notion of situated curriculum. Management Learning, 29, 273-297.
64.
Glisson, C., & James, L.R. ( 2002). The cross-level effects of culture and climate in human service teams. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 767-794.
65.
Green, F., Felstead, A., Mayhew, K., & Pack, A. ( 2000). The impact of training on labour turnover: Individual and firm-level evidence from Britain. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 38, 261-275.
66.
Griffeth, R.W., Hom, P.W., & Gaertner, S. ( 2000). A meta-analysis of antecedents and correlates of employee turnover: Update, moderator tests, and research implications for the next millennium. Journal of Management, 26, 463-488.
67.
Hackman, J.R., & Oldham, G.R. ( 1975). Development of the Job Diagnostic Survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 159-170.
Hall, D.T. ( 2002). Careers in and out of organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
70.
Harter, J.K., Schmidt, F.L., & Hayes, T.L. ( 2002). Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 268-279.
71.
Hedge, J.W., Borman, W.C., & Lammlein, S.E. (2006). The aging workforce: Realities, myths, and implications for organizations. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
72.
Hersey, P., & Blanchard, K.H. (1993). Management of organizational behavior: Utilizing human resources (6th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall .
73.
Hom, P.W., & Griffeth, R.W. (1991). Structural equations modeling test of a turnover theory: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 350-366.
74.
Hosmer, D.W., & Lemeshow, S. ( 2000). Applied logistic regression (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.
75.
Houkes, I., Janssen, P.P.M., Jonge, J.D., & Nijhuis, F.J.N. (2001). Specific relationships between work characteristics and intrinsic work motivation, burnout and turnover intention: A multi-sample analysis. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10, 1-23.
76.
Ito, J.K., & Brotheridge, C.M. (2005). Does supporting employees’ career adaptability lead to commitment, turnover, or both?Human Resource Management, 44, 5-20.
77.
Jaros, S.J. ( 1997). An assessment of Meyer and Allen’s (1991) three-component model of organizational commitment and turnover intentions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 51, 319-337.
78.
Johnston, M.W., Griffeth, R.W., Burton, S., & Carson, P.P. ( 1993). An exploratory investigation in to the relationships between promotion and turnover: A quasi-experimental longitudinal study. Journal of Management, 19, 33-49.
79.
Jöreskog, K., & Sörbom, D. (2001). LISREL 8.50: User’s reference guide. Chicago, IL: Scientific Software International.
80.
Judge, T.A., Bono, J.E., & Locke, E.A. ( 2000). Personality and job satisfaction: The mediating role of job characteristics. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 237-249.
81.
Kahn, W.H. ( 1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 692-724.
82.
King, E.B., Botsford, W., Hebl, M.R., Kazama, S., Dawson, J.F., & Perkins, A. ( 2010). Benevolent sexism at work: Gender differences in the distribution of challenging developmental experiences. Journal of Management. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1177/0149206310365902.
83.
Kopelman, R.E., Rovenpor, J.L., & Millsap, R.E. ( 1992). Rationale and construct-validity evidence for the Job Search Behavior Index: Because intentions (and New Year’s resolutions) often come to naught. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 40, 269-287.
84.
Kroch, E.A., & Sjoblom, K. ( 1994). Schooling as human capital or as a signal: Some evidence . Journal of Human Resources, 29, 156-180.
85.
Leana, C.R. ( 1986). Predictors and consequences of delegation. Academy of Management Journal, 29, 754-774.
86.
LeBreton, J.M., Wu, J., & Bing, M.N. ( 2009). The truth(s) on testing for mediation in the social and organizational sciences. In C. E. Lance & R. J. Vandenberg (Eds.), Statistical and methodological myths and urban legends: Doctrine, verity, and fable in the organizational and social sciences (pp. 107-141). New York, NY: Routledge.
87.
Lee, C.H., & Bruvold, N.T. ( 2003). Creating value for employees: Investment in employee development. International Journal of Human Resource Management , 14, 981-1000.
88.
Lee, T.W., & Mitchell, T.R. (1991). The unfolding effects of organizational commitment and anticipated job-satisfaction on voluntary employee turnover. Motivation and Emotion, 15, 99-121.
89.
Lee, T.W., Mitchell, T.R., Sablynski, C.J., Burton, J.P., & Holtom, B.C. ( 2004). The effects of job embeddedness on organizational citizenship, job performance, volitional absences, and voluntary turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 47, 711-722.
90.
Locke, E.A. ( 1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. In M. D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 1297-1349). Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychology Press.
91.
Loewenstein, M.A., & Spletzer, J.R. (1999). General and specific training: Evidence and implications. Journal of Human Resources, 34, 710-733.
92.
Loquercio, D. ( 2006). Turnover and retention: A summary of current literature . Retrieved from http://www.peopleinaid.org/pool/files/publications/turnover-and-retention-lit-review-jan-2006.pdf
93.
Lyness, K.S., & Schrader, C.A. (2006). Moving ahead or just moving? An examination of gender differences in senior corporate management appointments . Group & Organization Management, 31, 651-676.
94.
Lyness, K.S., & Thompson, D.E. (1997). Above the glass ceiling? A comparison of matched samples of female and male executives. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 359-375.
95.
Lyness, K.S., & Thompson, D.E. (2000). Climbing the corporate ladder: Do female and male executives follow the same route? Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 86-101.
96.
Maertz, C.P., & Campion, M.A. ( 1998). 25 years of voluntary turnover research: A review and critique. In C. L. Cooper & I. T. Robertson (Eds.), International review of industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 13, pp. 49-83). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
97.
Maglen, L.R. ( 1990). Challenging the human capital orthodoxy: The education- productivity link re-examined. Economic Record, 66, 281-294.
98.
McCall, M.W., Lombardo, M.M., & Morrison, A.M. (1988). The lessons of experience: How successful executives develop on the job. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
99.
McCauley, C.D., Ohlott, P.J., & Ruderman, M.N. (1999). Job challenge profile. New York, NY: Jossey-Bass/Pfeiffer .
100.
McCauley, C.D., Ruderman, M.N., Ohlott, P.J., & Morrow, J.E. ( 1994). Assessing the developmental components of managerial jobs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 544-560.
101.
McCauley, C.D., Van Velsor, E., & Ruderman, M.N. (2010). Introduction: Our view of leadership development. In E. Van Velsor , C. D. McCauley, & M. N. Ruderman (Eds.), The center for creative leadership handbook of leadership development (3rd ed., pp. 1-61). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Merriam, S., Caffarella, R., & Baumgartner, L. (2007). Learning in adulthood: A comprehensive guide (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.
104.
Meyer, J.P., & Allen, N.J. ( 1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1, 61-98.
105.
Mobley, W.H. ( 1977). Intermediate linkages in the relationship between job satisfaction and employee turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology , 62, 237-240.
106.
Morrow, P.C., Suzuki, Y., Crum, M.R., Ruben, R., & Pautsch, G. ( 2005). The role of leader-member exchange in high turnover work environments. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 20, 681-694.
107.
Mueller, C.W., & Price, J.L. ( 1990). Economic, psychological, and sociological determinants of voluntary turnover. Journal of Behavioral Economics, 19, 321-335.
108.
Nauta, A. ( 2007). Voorbij het "Boiling Frog" syndrome. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Vossius Pers.
109.
Nauta, A., Vianen, A.V., Van der Heijden, B., Van Dam, K., & Willemsen, M. ( 2009). Understanding the factors that promote employability orientation: The impact of employability culture, career satisfaction, and role breadth self-efficacy. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82, 233-252.
110.
Neslin, S.A., Novak, T.P., Baker, K.R., & Hoffman, D.L. ( 2009). An optimal contact model for maximizing online panel response rates. Management Science, 55, 727-737.
111.
Ng, T.W.H., & Feldman, D.C. ( 2009). Re-examining the relationship between age and voluntary turnover. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74, 283-294.
112.
Ng, T.W.H., & Feldman, D.C. ( 2010). Human capital and objective indicators of career success: The mediating effects of cognitive ability and conscientiousness. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83, 207-235.
113.
Ng, T.W. H., & Sorensen, K.L. (2008). Toward a further understanding of the relationships between perceptions of support and work attitudes: A meta-analysis. Group & Organization Management, 33, 243-268.
114.
Paré, G., & Tremblay, M. ( 2007). The influence of high-involvement human resources practices, procedural justice, organizational commitment, and citizenship behaviors on information technology professionals’ turnover intentions. Group & Organization Management, 32, 326-357.
115.
Podsakoff, N.P., Lepine, J.A., & Lepine, M.A. ( 2007). Differential challenge stressor-hindrance stressor relationships with job attitudes, turnover intentions, turnover, and withdrawal behavior: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 438.
116.
Price, J.L. ( 1977). The study of turnover. Ames: Iowa State University Press.
117.
Price, J.L., & Mueller, C.W. ( 1981). A causal model of turnover for nurses. Academy of Management Journal, 24, 543-565.
118.
Proudfoot, J.G., Corr, P.J., Guest, D.E., & Dunn, G. ( 2009). Cognitive-behavioural training to change attributional style improves employee well-being, job satisfaction, productivity, and turnover . Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 147-153.
119.
Richer, S.F., Blanchard, C., & Vallerand, R.J. (2002). A motivational model of work turnover. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32, 2089-2113.
120.
Ryan, R.M., & Deci, E.L. ( 2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist , 55, 68-78.
121.
Salopek, J.J. ( 2000). Retention. Training and Development, 54, 20-23.
122.
Schaufeli, W.B., & Bakker, A.B. ( 2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 293-315.
123.
Schaufeli, W.B., Bakker, A.B., & Salanova, M. ( 2006). The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire-A cross-national study. Educational and Psychological Measurement , 66, 701-716.
124.
Slaughter, J.E., Richard, E.M., & Martin, J.H. ( 2006). Comparing the efficacy of policy-capturing weights and direct estimates for predicting job choice. Organizational Research Methods, 9, 285-314.
125.
Smith, P., & Beaton, D. ( 2008). Measuring change in psychosocial working conditions: Methodological issues to consider when data are collected at baseline and one follow-up time point. Occupational and Environmental Medicine , 65, 288-296.
126.
Spector, P.E., & Brannick, M.T. (2010). Methodological urban legends: The misuse of statistical control variables. Organizational Research Methods. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1177/1094428110369842.
127.
Spector, P.E. ( 1992). A consideration of the validity and meaning of self-report measures for job-conditions. In C. L. Cooper & I. T. Robertson (Eds.), International review of industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 7, pp. 123-151). Chichester, UK: John Wiley.
128.
Spector, P.E., & Jex, S.M. ( 1991). Relations of job characteristics from multiple data sources with employee affect, absence, turnover intentions, and health. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 46-53.
129.
Streiner, D.L., & Norman, G.R. ( 1995). Measuring change. In D. L. Streiner & G. R. Norman (Eds.), Health measurement scales: A practical guide to their development and use (2nd ed., pp. 163-180). New York, NY : Oxford University Press.
130.
Stroh, L.K., Brett, J.M., & Reilly, A.H. ( 1994). A decade of change: Managers’ attachment to their organizations and their jobs. Human Resource Management, 33, 531-548.
131.
Taylor, M.S. ( 1981). The motivational effects of task challenge: A laboratory investigation. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance , 27, 255-278.
132.
Tett, R.P., & Meyer, J.P. ( 1993). Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention, and turnover: Path analyses based on meta-analytic findings. Personnel Psychology, 46, 259-294.
133.
Toossi, M. ( 2007, November). Labor force projections to 2016: More workers in their golden years. Monthly Labor Review, 130, 33-52.
134.
Traub, R.E. ( 1994). Reliability for the social sciences: Theory and applications . Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
135.
Van Dam, K. ( 2004). Antecedents and consequences of employability orientation . European Journal of Work & Organizational Psychology , 13, 29-51.
136.
Van de Vliert, E., & Smith, P.B. ( 2004). Leader reliance on subordinates across nations that differ in development and climate. Leadership Quarterly, 15, 381-403.
137.
Van den Broeck, A., De Cuyper, N., De Witte, H., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2010). Not all job demands are equal: Differentiating job hindrances and job challenges in the job demands-resources model. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology , 19, 735-759.
138.
Van der Windt, W., Van der Velde, F., & Van der Kwartel, A. (2009). Arbeid in zorg en welzijn 2009 [Care and welfare work in 2009]. Utrecht, Netherlands: Prismant.
139.
Van Essen, G., Paardekooper, P.J., Talma, H.F., & Van der Windt, W. (2006). Arbeid in zorg en welzijn 2006 [Care and welfare work in 2006]. Utrecht, Netherlands: Prismant.
140.
Van Vianen, A.E.M., De Pater, I.E., & Preenen, P.T.Y. (2008). Career management: Taking control of the quality of work experiences. In J. Athanasou & R. Van Esbroeck (Eds.), International handbook of career guidance (pp. 283-301). London, UK: Springer.
141.
Wainer, H. ( 1991). Adjusting for differential base rates: Lord’s paradox again. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 147-151.
142.
Wanous, J.P., & Hudy, M.J. ( 2001). Single-item reliability: A replication and extension . Organizational Research Methods, 4, 361-375.
143.
Wanous, J.P., Reichers, A.E., & Hudy, M.J. ( 1997). Estimating the reliability of a single-item measure. Psychological Reports, 78, 631-634.
144.
Wofford, J.C., Goodwin, V.L., & Premack, S. ( 1992). Meta-analysis of the antecedents of personal goal level and of the antecedents and consequences of goal commitment. Journal of Management, 18, 595-615.
145.
Wright, D.B. ( 2006). Comparing groups in a before-after design: When t test and ANCOVA produce different results. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 663-676.
146.
Wright, T.A., & Cropanzano, R. (1998). Emotional exhaustion as a predictor of job performance and voluntary turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 486-493.
147.
Yeo, R.K., & Marquardt, M.J. (2010). Problems as building blocks for organizational learning: A roadmap for experiential inquiry. Group & Organization Management, 35, 243-275.
148.
Yip, J., & Wilson, M.S. ( 2010). Learning from experience. In E. Van Velsor, C. D. McCauley, & M. N. Ruderman (Eds.), The center for creative leadership handbook of leadership development (3rd ed., pp. 63-95). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
