We employed the risk information seeking and processing (RISP) model to inform the design of antibiotic stewardship messages aiming at influencing intentions to seek or avoid antibiotic risk information. College-age respondents (N = 400) from a national sample viewed one of three versions of a RISP-informed message or no message (control group). Relative to the control group, all RISP-informed messages increased perceptions of information insufficiency. The most complete version of the RISP-informed message increased severity perceptions and information seeking intention and decreased information avoidance intention. Approaches to designing antibiotic stewardship messages are recommended accordingly.
AlderS.WuthrichA.HaddadinB.DonnellyS.HannahE. L.StoddardG.BenuzilloJ.BatemanK.SamoreM. (2010). Community intervention model to reduce inappropriate antibiotic use. American Journal of Health Education, 41(1), 20-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2010.10599123
4.
Almeida SantimanoN. M.FoxcroftD. R. (2017). Poor health knowledge and behaviour is a risk for the spread of antibiotic resistance: Survey of higher secondary school students in Goa, India. Perspectives in Public Health, 137(2), 109-113. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913916650917
5.
AvornJ.SolomonD. H. (2000). Cultural and economic factors that (mis)shape antibiotic use: The nonpharmacologic basis of therapeutics. Annals of Internal Medicine, 133(2), 128-135. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-133-2-200007180-00012
6.
BarbourJ. B.RintamakiL. S.RamseyJ. A.BrashersD. E. (2012). Avoiding health information. Journal of Health Communication, 17(2), 212-229. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2011.585691
7.
BelongiaE. A.NaimiT. S.GaleC. M.BesserR. E. (2002). Antibiotic use and upper respiratory infections: A survey of knowledge, attitudes, and experience in Wisconsin and Minnesota. Preventive Medicine, 34(3), 346-352. https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.2001.0992
8.
BramesfeldK. D.GasperK. (2008). Happily putting the pieces together: A test of two explanations for the effects of mood on group-level information processing. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47(2), 285-309. https://doi.org/10.1348/000712607X218295
CaseD. O.AndrewsJ. E.JohnsonJ. D.AllardS. L. (2005). Avoiding versus seeking: The relationship of information seeking to avoidance, blunting, coping, dissonance, and related concepts. Journal of the Medical Library Association, 93(3), 353-362.
CéspedesA.LarsonE. (2006). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding antibiotic use among Latinos in the United States: Review and recommendations. American Journal of Infection Control, 34(8), 495-502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2006.01.005
13.
ClarkeC. E.McComasK. (2012). Seeking and processing influenza vaccine information: A study of health care workers at a large urban hospital. Health Communication, 27(3), 244-256. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2011.578332
14.
Dal CinS.ZannaM. P.FongG. T. (2004). Narrative persuasion and overcoming resistance. In KnowlesE. S.LinnJ. A. (Eds.), Resistance and persuasion (pp. 175-191). Lawrence Erlbaum. https://doi.org/10.1037/e633872013-232
15.
DaveyP.BrownE.CharaniE.FenelonL.GouldI. M.HolmesA.RamsayC. R.WiffenP. J.WilcoxM. (2013). Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices for hospital inpatients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4, CD003543. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003543.pub3
16.
DelineM. B.KahlorL. A. (2019). Planned risk information avoidance: A proposed theoretical model. Communication Theory, 29(3), 360-382. https://doi.org/10.1093/ct/qty035
17.
DemoreB.ManginL.TebanoG.PulciniC.ThillyN. (2017). Public knowledge and behaviours concerning antibiotic use and resistance in France: A cross-sectional survey. Infection, 45(4), 513-520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-017-1015-2
18.
DunwoodyS.GriffinR. J. (2014). The role of channel beliefs in risk information seeking. In ArvaiJ.RiversL. (Eds.), Effective risk communication (pp. 220-233). Routledge.
19.
DunwoodyS.GriffinR. J. (2015). Risk information seeking and processing model. In ChoH.ReimerT.McComasK. A. (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of risk communication (pp. 102-116). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483387918.n14
20.
FagerlinA.Zikmund-FisherB. J.UbelP. A. (2005). Cure me even if it kills me: Preferences for invasive cancer treatment. Medical Decision Making, 25(6), 614-619. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272989X05282639
21.
Fleming-DutraK. E.HershA. L.ShapiroD. J.BartocesM.EnnsE. A.FileT. M.FinkelsteinJ. A.GerberJ. S.HyunD. Y.LinderJ. A.LynfieldR.MargolisD. J.MayL. S.MerensteinD.MetlayJ. P.NewlandJ. G.PiccirilloJ. F.RobertsR. M.SanchezG. V.. . . HicksL. A. (2016). Prevalence of inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions among US ambulatory care visits, 2010-2011. JAMA Journal of the American Medical Association, 315(17), 1864-1873. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.4151
22.
FloresG. (2000). Culture and the patient-physician relationship: Achieving cultural competency in health care. Journal of Pediatrics, 136(1), 14-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(00)90043-X
23.
FrankL. B.MurphyS. T.ChatterjeeJ. S.MoranM. B.Baezconde-GarbanatiL. (2015). Telling stories, saving lives: Creating narrative health messages. Health communication, 30(2), 154-163. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2014.974126
24.
GriffinR. J.DunwoodyS.NeuwirthK. (1999). Proposed model of the relationship of risk information seeking and processing to the development of preventive behaviors. Environmental Research, 80(2), S230-S245. https://doi.org/10.1006/enrs.1998.3940
25.
GriffinR. J.DunwoodyS.YangZ. J. (2013). Linking risk messages to information seeking and processing. Annals of the International Communication Association, 36(1), 323-362. https://doi.org/10.1006/enrs.1998.3940
26.
GriffinR. J.NeuwirthK.DunwoodyS.GieseJ. (2004). Information sufficiency and risk communication. Media Psychology, 6(1), 23-61. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532785xmep0601_2
27.
GriffinR. J.YangZ.ter HuurneE.BoernerF.OrtizS.DunwoodyS. (2008). After the flood: Anger, attribution, and the seeking of information. Science Communication, 29(3), 285-315. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547007312309
28.
GualanoM. R.GiliR.ScaioliG.BertF.SiliquiniR. (2015). General population’s knowledge and attitudes about antibiotics: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacoepidemiology & Drug Safety, 24(1), 2-10. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.3716
29.
HamourS. M.O’BichereA.PetersJ. L.McDonaldP. J. (2003). Patient perceptions of MRSA. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 85(2), 123-125. https://doi.org/10.1308/003588403321219939
30.
HartW.AlbarracínD.EaglyA. H.BrechanI.LindbergM. J.MerrillL. (2009). Feeling validated versus being correct: A meta-analysis of selective exposure to information. Psychological Bulletin, 135(4), 555-588. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015701
31.
HovickS. R.KahlorL.LiangM. C. (2014). Personal cancer knowledge and information seeking through PRISM: The planned risk information seeking model. Journal of Health Communication, 19(4), 511-527. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2013.821556
32.
HuL.BentlerP. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
33.
HuttnerB.GoossensH.VerheijT.HarbarthS. (2010). Characteristics and outcomes of public campaigns aimed at improving the use of antibiotics in outpatients in high-income countries. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 10(1), 17-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70305-6
34.
HwangT. J.GibbsK. A.PodolskyS. H.LinderJ. A. (2015). Antimicrobial stewardship and public knowledge of antibiotics. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 15(9), 1000-1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00235-2
35.
HwangY.JeongS. H. (2016). Information insufficiency and information seeking: An experiment. Science Communication, 38(6), 679-698. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547016673200
36.
IriyamaS.NakaharaS.JimbaM.IchikawaM.WakaiS. (2007). AIDS health beliefs and intention for sexual abstinence among male adolescent students in Kathmandu, Nepal: A test of perceived severity and susceptibility. Public Health, 121(1), 64-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2006.08.016
37.
JohnsonB. B. (2005). Testing and expanding a model of cognitive processing of risk information. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 25(3), 631-650. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2005.00609.x
38.
JorgensenT. D.PornprasertmanitS.SchoemannA. M.RosseelY. (2018). semTools: Useful tools for structural equation modeling. R Package Version 0.5-1.
39.
KahlorL. A. (2007). An augmented risk information seeking model: The case of global warming. Media Psychology, 10(3), 414-435. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213260701532971
KahlorL. A.OlsonH. C.MarkmanA. B.WangW. (2018). Avoiding trouble: Exploring environmental risk information avoidance intentions. Environment and Behavior, 52(2), 187-218. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916518799149
42.
KahlorL.RosenthalS. (2009). If we seek, do we learn? Predicting knowledge of global warming. Science Communication, 30(3), 380-414. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547008328798
43.
KahlorL. A.YangZ. J.LiangM. C. (2018). Risky politics: Applying the planned risk information seeking model to the 2016 US Presidential Election. Mass Communication and Society, 21(6), 697-719. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2018.1498900
44.
KlessigJ. (1992). Cross-cultural medicine a decade later: The effects of values and culture on life-support decisions. Western Journal of Medicine, 157(3), 316-322.
45.
KlineR. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4rd ed.). Guilford Press.
LuH. (2015). Burgers or tofu? Eating between two worlds: Risk information seeking and processing during dietary acculturation. Health Communication, 30(8), 758-771. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2014.899658
48.
Mangione-SmithR.McGlynnE. A.ElliottM. N.McDonaldL.FranzC. E.KravitzR. L. (2001). Parent expectations for antibiotics, physician-parent communication, and satisfaction. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 155(7), 800-806. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.155.7.800
49.
McClendonD. (2011). Perceived susceptibility of cardiovascular disease as a moderator of relationships between perceived severity and cardiovascular health promoting behaviors among female registered nurses [Unublished doctoral dissertation]. Georgia State University.
50.
McKeeM.MillsL.MainousA. G. (1999). Antibiotic use for the treatment of upper respiratory infections in a diverse community. Journal of Family Practice, 48(12), 993-996.
51.
McNultyC. A.NicholsT.FrenchD. P.JoshiP.ButlerC. C. (2013). Expectations for consultations and antibiotics for respiratory tract infection in primary care: The RTI clinical iceberg. The British Journal of General Practice, 63(612), e429-e436. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp13X669149
52.
MoyerC.GriffinR. J.PokrywczynskiJ. (2019). Take me out to the Facebook page. Journal of Digital & Social Media Marketing, 6(4), 357-370. https://doi.org/10.1002/meet.2011.14504801085
53.
NarayanB.CaseD. O.EdwardsS. L. (2011). The role of information avoidance in everyday-life information behaviors. Proceedings of the ASIST Annual Meeting, 48, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/meet.2011.14504801085
54.
NicholK. L.D’HeillyS.EhlingerE. (2006). Burden of upper respiratory illnesses among college and university students: 2002–2003 and 2003–2004 cohorts. Vaccine, 24, 6724-6725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.05.033
55.
OngS.NakaseJ.MoranG.KarrasD. J.KuehnertM. J.TalanD. A. (2007). Antibiotic use for emergency department patients with upper respiratory infections: Prescribing practices, patient expectations, and patient satisfaction. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 50(3), 213-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2007.03.026
56.
PettyR. E.CacioppoJ. T. (1984). Source factors and the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. Advances in Consumer Research, 11, 668-672.
57.
PokrywczynskiJ.GriffinR. J.CalhounG. J. (2019). Information seeking among women aged 18 to 25 about the risk of sexual aggression. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 96(1), 239-263. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699018801315
58.
R Core Team. (2018). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/
59.
RobertsR. M.AlbertA. P.JohnsonD. D.HicksL. A. (2015). Can improving knowledge of antibiotic-associated adverse drug events reduce parent and patient demand for antibiotics?Health Services Research and Managerial Epidemiology, 2, 2333392814568345. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333392814568345
60.
RoelandE.CainJ.OnderdonckC.KerrK.MichellW.ThornberryK. (2014). When open-ended questions don’t work: The role of palliative paternalism in difficult medical decisions. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 17(4), 415-420. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333392814568345
RosseelY. (2012). Lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling and more. Version 0.5-12 (BETA). Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1-36. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02
63.
SlaterM. D.RounerD. (2002). Entertainment—education and elaboration likelihood: Understanding the processing of narrative persuasion. Communication Theory, 12(2), 173-191. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2002.tb00265.x
64.
SmithR. A.M’ikanathaN. M.ReadA. F. (2015). Antibiotic resistance: A primer and call to action. Health Communication, 30(3), 309-314. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2014.943634
65.
TedijantoC.OlesenS.GradY.LipsitchM. (2018). Estimating the proportion of bystander selection for antibiotic resistance among potentially pathogenic bacterial flora. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U S A, 115(51), E11988-E11995. doi:10.1073/pnas.1810840115
66.
ter HuurneE. F.GriffinR. J.GuttelingJ. M. (2009). Risk information seeking among US and Dutch residents: An application of the model of risk information seeking and processing. Science Communication, 31(2), 215-237. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547009332653
67.
WitteK. (1992). Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model. Communications Monographs, 59(4), 329-349. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759209376276
YangZ. J.AloeA. M.FeeleyT. H. (2014). Risk information seeking and processing model: A meta-analysis. Journal of Communication, 64(1), 20-41. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12071
70.
YangZ. J.KahlorL. (2013). What, me worry? The role of affect in information seeking and avoidance. Science Communication, 35(2), 189-212. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547012441873
71.
YangZ. J.McComasK.GayG.LeonardJ. P.DannenbergA. J.DillonH. (2010). Motivation for health information seeking and processing about clinical trial enrollment. Health Communication, 25(5), 423-436. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2010.483338
72.
YangZ. J.RickardL. N.HarrisonT. M.SeoM. (2014). Applying the risk information seeking and processing model to examine support for climate change mitigation policy. Science Communication, 36(3), 296-324. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547014525350
