A systematic analysis of statutes regarding personal protection orders (PPOs) was completed for all 50 states plus the District of Columbia to determine which states are most “victim friendly” in protecting women against domestic violence. Indicators used include compliance with the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), the relationship between petitioner and respondent, ease of the PPO administrative process, and severity of punishment for violations. Results indicate that most states have PPO legislation that is consistent with VAWA; however, states differ dramatically in accessibility of orders for victims of violence.
Binder, A., & Meeker, J. (1992). Arrest as a method to control spouse abuse. In E. Buzawa & C. Buzawa (Eds.), Domestic violence: The changing criminal justice response(pp. 129-142). Westport, CT: Auburn House.
2.
Burgess-Proctor, A. (2003). Evaluating the efficacy of protection orders for victims of domestic violence. Women and Criminal Justice, 15, 33-54.
3.
Buzawa, E., & Buzawa, C. (Eds.). (1992). Domestic violence: The changing criminal justice response. Westport, CT: Auburn House.
4.
Carlson, M. J., Harris, S. D.,& Holden, G. W. (1999). Protective orders and domestic violence: Risk factors for re-abuse. Journal of Family Violence, 14, 205-226.
5.
Chaudhuri, M.,& Daly, K. (1992). Do restraining orders help? Battered women's experience with male violence and legal process. In E. Buzawa & C. Buzawa (Eds.), Domestic violence: The changing criminal justice response(pp. 227-252). Westport, CT: Auburn House.
6.
Cochran, J. K., Boots, D. P., & Heide, K. M. (2003). Attribution styles and attitudes toward capital punishment for juveniles, the mentally incompetent, and the mentally retarded. Justice Quarterly, 20, 65-93.
7.
Dasgupta, S. D. (2002). A framework for understanding women's use of nonlethal violence in intimate heterosexual relationships. Violence Against Women, 8, 1364-1389.
8.
Eigenberg, H., McGuffee, K., Berry, P., & Hall, W. H. (2003). Protective order legislation: Trends in state statutes. Journal of Criminal Justice, 31, 411-422.
9.
Finn, P., & Colson, S. (1990). Civil protection orders: Legislation, practice, and enforcement. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
10.
Fischer, K.,& Rose, M. (1995). When “enough is enough”: Battered women's decision making around court orders of protection. Crime & Delinquency, 41, 414-429.
11.
Gastil, R. D. (1971). Homicide and a regional culture of violence. American Sociological Review, 36, 412-427.
12.
Gibson, D. (1999). Jury instructions. Available at www.stu.edu/lawlib/Reference/Research/Jury%20Instructions.htm
13.
Grau, J., Fagan, J., & Wexler, S. (1985). Restraining orders for battered women: Issues of access and efficacy. In C. Schweber & C. Feinman (Eds.), Criminal justice politics and women: The aftermath of legally mandated change(pp. 13-28). New York: Haworth.
14.
Greenwood, G. L., Relf, M. V., Huang, B., Pollack, L. M., Canchola, J. A.,& Catania, J. A. (2002). Battering victimization among a probability-based sample of men who have sex with men. American Journal of Public Health, 92, 1964-1969.
15.
Harding, D. J., & Jencks, C. (2003). Changing attitudes toward premarital sex: Cohort, period, and age effects. Public Opinion Quarterly, 67, 211-226.
16.
Harrell, A.,& Smith, B. (1996). Effects of restraining orders on domestic violence victims. In E. Buzawa& C. Buzawa (Eds.), Doarrests and restraining orders work?(pp. 214-242). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
17.
Hodges, K. M. (1999-2000). Trouble in paradise: Barriers to addressing domestic violence in lesbian relationships. Law and Sexuality, 9, 311-331.
18.
Horton, A. L., Simonidis, K. M.,& Simonidis, L. L. (1987). Legal remedies for spousal abuse: Victim characteristics, expectations, and satisfaction. Journal of Family Violence, 2, 265-279.
19.
Judicial Education Center. (n.d.). Civil orders of protection: Enforcement. In Domestic violence benchbook (chap. 3). Retrieved May 10, 2004, from http://jec.unm.edu/resources/benchbooks/dv/ch_3.htm
20.
Kaci, J. H. (1992). Astudy of protective orders issued under California's Domestic Violence Prevention Act. Criminal Justice Review, 17, 61-76.
21.
Klein, A. R. (1996). Re-abuse in a population of court-restrained male batterers: Why restraining orders don't work. In E. Buzawa & C. Buzawa (Eds.), Do arrests and restraining orders work?(pp. 192-213). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
22.
Klein, C. F.,& Orloff, L. E. (1993). Providing legal protection for battered women: An analysis of state statutes and case law. Hofstra Law Review, 21, 801-1189.
23.
Knauer, N. J. (1999). Same-sex domestic violence: Claiming a domestic sphere while risking negative stereotypes. Temple Political and Civil Rights Law Review, 8, 325-350.
24.
Kurz, D. (1998). Women, welfare, and domestic violence. Social Justice, 25, 105-122.
25.
Massachusetts court to rule on same-sex marriages. (2003, July 14). Retrieved July 14, 2003, from www.cnn.com
26.
Mills, L. G. (1998). Mandatory arrest and prosecution policies for domestic violence. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 25, 306-318.
27.
Nugent, D. C. (1994). Judicial bias. Cleveland State Law Review, 42, 1-59.
28.
Schechter, S. (1982). Women and male violence. Cambridge, MA: South End.
29.
Shapiro, H. R. (2002). Battered immigrant women caught in the intersection of U.S. criminal and immigration laws: Consequences and remedies. Temple International and Comparative Law Journal, 16, 27-42.
30.
Steinmetz, S. (1986). The violent family. In M. Lystad (Ed.), Violence in the home: Interdisciplinary perspectives(pp. 51-67). New York: Brunner/Mazel.
31.
Stith, S., & Straus, M. (Eds.). (1995). Understanding partner violence: Prevalence, causes, consequences, and solutions. Minneapolis, MN: National Council on Family Relations.
32.
Straus, M. A., & Gelles, R. J. (1995). Societal change and change in family violence from 1975 to 1985 as revealed by two national surveys. In S. Stith& M. Straus (Eds.), Understanding partner violence: Prevalence, causes, consequences, and solutions(pp. 15-29). Minneapolis, MN: National Council on Family Relations.
33.
Susser, K. (2000). Weighing the domestic violence factor in custody cases: Tipping the scales in favor of protecting victims and their children. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 27, 875-907.
34.
Topliffe, E. (1992). Why civil protection orders are effective remedies for domestic violence but mutual protective orders are not. Indiana Law Journal, 67, 1039-1065.
35.
Turrell, S. C. (2000). A descriptive analysis of same-sex relationship violence for a diverse sample. Journal of Family Violence, 15, 281-293.
36.
U.S. Department of Justice. (1994). Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994(U.S.D.O.J. Fact Sheet, NCJ FS000067). Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved July 3, 2003, from http://www.ncjrs.org/
37.
Violence Against Women Act, 18 USCS § 2261 et seq. (1994).
38.
Zoellner, L. A., Feeny, N. C., Alvarez, J., Watlington, C., O'Neill, M. L., Zager, R., et al. (2000). Factors associated with completion of the restraining order process in female victims of partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15, 1081-1099.
