Using a mixed-methods design, the present study examined intimate partner surveillance among a diverse sample of intimate partner abuse (IPA) survivors (n = 246), including women of Mexican (n = 83), Korean (n = 50), Vietnamese (n = 49), and European descent (n = 64). Most survivors (57%) described surveillance in either survey or interview; inductive thematic analysis revealed seven forms of surveillance. Finally, two-step cluster analysis identified two patterns of victimization most clearly differentiated by surveillance, but ethnic group differences in rates and patterns of abuse did not emerge. Implications for both clinicians and researchers are discussed.
AdamsA.GreesonM.LittwinA.JavorkaM. (2020). Scale of Economic Abuse-II (SEA-II): An updated measure of economic abuse in intimate relationships. Psychology of Violence, 10(3), 268–278.
2.
ArcherJ. (2000). Sex differences in aggression between heterosexual partners: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 126(5), 651–680.
3.
BlackM. C.BasileK. C.BreidingM. J.SmithS. G.WaltersM. L.MerrickM. T., et al. (2011). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2010 summary report. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
4.
BoyatzisR. E. (1998). Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development. Sage.
5.
BrabeckK. M.GuzmánM. R. (2008). Frequency and perceived effectiveness of strategies to survive abuse employed by battered Mexican-origin women. Violence Against Women, 14(11), 1274–1294.
6.
BreidingM. J.BasileK. C.SmithS. G.BlackM. C.MahendraR. R. (2015). Intimate partner violence surveillance: Uniform definitions and recommended data elements, version 2.0. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
7.
BridgesA. J.KarlssonM. E.JacksonJ. C.AndrewsA. R.VillalobosB. T. (2018). Barriers to and methods of help seeking for domestic violence victimization: A comparison of Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women residing in the United States. Violence Against Women, 24(15), 1810–1829.
8.
BuiH. N.MorashM. (1999). Domestic violence in the Vietnamese immigrant community: An exploratory study. Violence Against Women, 5(7), 769–795.
9.
CampbellJ. (2002). Health consequences of intimate partner violence. Lancet, 359, 1331–1336.
10.
CarneyM.BarnerJ. (2012). Prevalence of partner abuse: Rates of emotional abuse and control. Journal of Family Violence, 3(3), 286–335.
11.
CastroR.Peek-AsaC.GarciaL.RuizA.KrausJ. (2003). Risks for abuse against pregnant Hispanic women: Morelos, Mexico and Los Angeles County, California. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 25(4), 325–332.
12.
ChanH. C.SheridanL. (2020). Is this stalking? Perceptions of stalking behavior among young male and female adults in Hong King and Mainland China. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(19–20), 3710–3734. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517711180
13.
ChangD. F.ShenB.-J.TakeuchiD. T. (2009). Prevalence and demographic correlates of intimate partner violence in Asian Americans. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 32(3), 167–175.
14.
ChiuT.FangD.-P.ChenJ.WangY.JerisC. (2001, August26–29). A robust and scalable clustering algorithm for mixed type attributes in large database environment [Conference session]. Proceedings of the 7th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, ACM SIGKDD, San Francisco, CA, United States.
15.
ChoH.KimW. J. (2012). Intimate partner violence among Asian-Americans and their use of mental health services: Comparisons with White, Black, and Latino victims. Journal of Immigrant Minority Health, 14(5), 809–815.
16.
ChoH.KwonI. (2018). Intimate partner violence, cumulative violence exposure, and mental health service use. Community Mental Health Journal, 54(3), 259–266.
17.
ChoH.Velez-OrtizD.Parra-CardonaJ. (2014). Prevalence of intimate partner violence and associated risk factors among Latinos/as: An exploratory study with three Latino subpopulations. Violence Against Women, 20(9), 1041–1058.
18.
ChoiY. J. (2015). Determinants of clergy behaviors promoting safety of battered Korean immigrant women. Violence Against Women, 21(3), 394–415.
19.
CokerA. L.SandersonM.CantuE.HuertaD.FaddenM. K. (2008). Frequency and types of partner violence among Mexican American college women. Journal of American College Health, 56(6), 665–674.
20.
ColemanF. (1997). Stalking behavior and the cycle of domestic violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 12(3), 420–432.
21.
CuevasC. A.SabinaC.PicardE. (2010). Interpersonal victimization patterns and psychopathology among women: Results from the SALS study. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 2(4), 296–306. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020099
22.
DardisC. M.StraussC.GidyczC. A. (2019). The psychological toll of unwanted pursuit behaviors and intimate partner violence on undergraduate women: A dominance analysis. Psychology of Violence, 9(2), 209–220. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000189
23.
DenhamA. C.FrasierP. Y.HootenE. G.BeltonL.NewtonW.GonzalezP., et al. (2007). Intimate partner violence among Latinos in eastern South Carolina. Violence Against Women, 13(2), 123–140.
24.
DoK. N.WeissB.PollackA. (2013). Cultural beliefs, intimate partner violence and mental health functioning among Vietnamese women. International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation, 2(3), 149–163.
25.
DukeM. R.CunradiC. B. (2011). Measuring intimate partner violence among male and female farmworkers in San Diego County, CA. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 17(1), 59–67.
26.
DuttonM. A.GoodmanL. A. (2005). Coercion in intimate partner violence: Toward a new conceptualization. Sex Roles, 52(11–12), 743–756.
27.
DuttonM. A.GoodmanL. A.SchmidtR. J. (2005). Development and validation of a coercive control measure for intimate partner violence: Final technical report. National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice.
28.
FergusonC. J. (2011). Love is a battlefield: Risk factors and gender disparities for domestic violence among Mexican Americans. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 20(2), 227–236.
29.
FettersM. D.CurryL. A.CreswellJ. W. (2013). Achieving integration in mixed methods designs: Principles and practices. Health Services Research, 48(6), 2134–2156. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.12117
30.
FirestoneJ. M.HarrisR. J.VegaW. A. (2003). The impact of gender role ideology, male expectancies, and acculturation on wife abuse. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 26(5), 549–564.
31.
FoxK. A.NoblesM. R.FisherB. S. (2011). Method behind the madness: An examination of stalking measurements. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16(1), 74–84.
32.
FríasS. M. (2013). Strategies and help-seeking behavior among Mexican women experiencing partner violence. Violence Against Women, 19(1), 24–49.
33.
García-MorenoC.JansenH.EllsbergM.HeiseL.WattsC. (2005). WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence against women. World Health Organization.
34.
GrestC. V.AmaroH.UngerJ. (2018). Longitudinal predictors of intimate partner violence perpetration and victimization in Latino emerging adults. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47(3), 560–574.
35.
HallJ.WaltersM.BasileK. (2012). Intimate partner violence perpetration by court-ordered men: Distinctions among subtypes of physical violence, sexual violence, psychological abuse, and stalking. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(7), 1374–1395.
36.
HambergerL. K.LarsenS. E.LehrnerA. (2017). Coercive control in intimate partner violence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 37, 1–11.
37.
HammettJ. F.UlloaE. C.CastañedaD. M.HokodaA. (2017). Intimate partner violence victimization and romantic relationship distress among White and Mexican newlyweds. Violence & Victims, 32(2), 326–341.
38.
HanA. D.KimE. J.TysonS. Y. (2010). Partner violence against Korean immigrant women. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 21(4), 370–376.
39.
HardestyJ.OgolskyB. (2020). A sociological perspective on intimate partner violence research: A decade in review. Journal of Marriage and Family, 82(1), 454–477.
40.
JacksonC. L.CiciollaL.CrnicK. A.LueckenL. J.GonzalesN. A.CoonrodD. V. (2015). Intimate partner violence before and during pregnancy. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30(4), 659–679.
41.
JohnsonM. P. (2008). A typology of domestic violence: Intimate terrorism, violent resistance, and situational couple violence. University Press of New England.
42.
KasturiranganA.KrishnanS.RigerS. (2004). The impact of culture and minority status on women’s experience of domestic violence. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 5(4), 318–332. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838004269487
43.
KellyV. A. (2004). Psychological abuse of women: A review of the literature. The Family Journal, 12(4), 383–388.
44.
KimC. (2017). The impact of perceived childhood victimization and patriarchal gender ideology on intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization among Korean immigrant women in the USA. Child Abuse & Neglect, 70, 82–91.
45.
KimJ. Y.EmeryC. (2003). Marital power, conflict, norm consensus, and marital violence in a nationally representative sample of Korean couples. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18(2), 197–219.
46.
KimJ. Y.LeeJ. H. (2011). Factors influencing help-seeking behavior among battered Korean women in intimate relationships. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(15), 2991–3012.
47.
KimJ. Y.SungK. (2000). Conjugal violence in Korean American families: A residue of the cultural tradition. Journal of Family Violence, 15(4), 331–345.
48.
Kim-GohM.BaelloJ. (2008). Attitudes toward domestic violence in Korean and Vietnamese immigrant communities: Implications for human services. Journal of Family Violence, 23(7), 647–654.
49.
KyriakakisS.DawsonB. A.EdmondT. (2012). Mexican immigrant survivors of intimate partner violence: Conceptualization and descriptions of abuse. Violence & Victims, 27(4), 548–562.
50.
LeeE. (2007). Domestic violence and risk factors among Korean immigrant women in the United States. Journal of Family Violence, 22(3), 141–149.
51.
LeungP.CheungM. (2008). A prevalence study on partner abuse in six Asian American ethnic groups in the USA. International Social Work, 51(5), 635–649. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872808093342
52.
LewisJ. M.WestB.BautistaL.GreenbergA. M.Done-PerezI. (2005). Perceptions of service providers and community members on intimate partner violence within a Latino community. Health Education & Behavior, 32(1), 69–83.
53.
LilesS.UsitaP.IrvinV. L.HofstetterC. R.BeestonT.HovellM. F. (2012). Prevalence and correlates of intimate partner violence among young, middle, and older women of Korean descent in California. Journal of Family Violence, 27(8), 801–811.
54.
LoganT. K.ShannonL.ColeJ. (2007). Stalking victimization in the context of intimate partner violence. Violence & Victims, 22(6), 669–683.
55.
LoganT. K.WalkerR. (2009). Partner stalking: Psychological dominance or “business as usual”?Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 10(3), 247–270.
56.
LownE. A.VegaW. A. (2001). Intimate partner violence and health: Self-assessed health, chronic health, and somatic symptoms among Mexican American women. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63(3), 352–360.
57.
LudinS.BottianiJ. H.DebnamK.SolisM. G. O.BradshawC. P. (2017). A cross-national comparison of risk factors for teen dating violence in Mexico and the United States. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47(3), 547–559.
58.
Marrs FuchselC. L.MurphyS. B.DufresneR. (2012). Domestic violence, culture, and relationship dynamics among immigrant Mexican women. Affilia, 27(3), 263–274.
59.
MaruM.SaraiyaT.LeeC. S.MeghaniO.HienD.HahmH. C. (2018). The relationship between intimate partner violence and suicidal ideation among young Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese American women. Women & Therapy, 41(3–4), 339–355.
60.
MattsonS.RodriguezE. (1999). Battering in pregnant Latinas. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 20(4), 405–422.
61.
McFarlaneJ.CampbellJ. C.WatsonK. (2002). Intimate partner stalking and femicide: Urgent implications for women’s safety. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 20(1–2), 51–68.
62.
McKelveyR. S.WebbJ. A. (1995). A pilot study of abuse among Vietnamese Amerasians. Child Abuse & Neglect, 19(5), 545–553.
63.
MechanicM.AhrensC. (2019). Ethnocultural influences on women’s experience of and responses to intimate partner violence (Report No. NIJ/2013-MU-CX-0038). National Institute of Justice. https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/252626.pdf
64.
MechanicM. B.PoleN. (2013). Methodological considerations in conducting ethnoculturally sensitive research on intimate partner abuse and its multidimensional consequences. Sex Roles, 69(3–4), 205–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-012-0246-z
65.
MechanicM. B.WeaverT. L.ResickP. A. (2008). Mental health consequences of intimate partner abuse: A multidimensional assessment of four different forms of abuse. Violence Against Women, 14(6), 634–654. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801208319283
66.
MilesM. B.HubermanM. A. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed.). Sage.
67.
MillerJ. (2006). A specification of the types of intimate partner violence experienced by women in the general population. Violence Against Women, 12(12), 1105–1131.
68.
Montalvo-LiendoN. (2009). Cross-cultural factors in disclosure of intimate partner violence: An integrated review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 65(1), 20–34.
69.
MorashM.BuiH. N.StevensT.ZhangY. (2008). Getting out of harm’s way: One-year outcomes for abused women in a Vietnamese immigrant enclave. Violence Against Women, 14(12), 1413–1429.
70.
MorashM.BuiH. N.ZhangY.HoltfreterK. (2007). Risk factors for abusive relationships: A study of Vietnamese American immigrant women. Violence Against Women, 13(7), 653–675.
71.
MurphyC.HooverS. (1999). Measuring emotional abuse in dating relationships as a multifactorial construct. Violence & Victims, 14, 39–53.
72.
NeffJ. A.HolamonB.SchluterT. D. (1995). Spousal violence among Anglos, Blacks, and Mexican Americans: The role of demographic variables, psychosocial predictors, and alcohol consumption. Journal of Family Violence, 10(1), 1–21.
73.
O’NealE. N.BeckmanL. O. (2017). Intersections of race, ethnicity, and gender: Reframing knowledge surrounding barriers to social services among Latina intimate partner violence victims. Violence Against Women, 23(5), 643–665.
74.
OwensJ. G. (2016). Why definitions matter: Stalking victimization in the United States. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 31(12), 2196–2226.
75.
ParkV. M.GoyalD.NguyenT.LienH.RosidiD. (2017). Postpartum traditions, mental health, and help-seeking considerations among Vietnamese American women A mixed methods pilot study. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 44(3), 428–441.
76.
PenceE.PaymerM. (1993). Education groups for men who batter: The Duluth model. Springer.
77.
PiispaM. (2002). Complexity of patterns of violence against women in heterosexual partnerships. Violence Against Women, 8(7), 873–900.
78.
RodenburgF.FantuzzoJ. (1993). The measure of wife abuse: Steps toward the development of a comprehensive assessment technique. Journal of Family Violence, 8, 203–228.
79.
SabinaC.CuevasC. A.Cotignola-PickensH. M. (2016). Longitudinal dating violence victimization among Latino teens: Rates, risk factors, and cultural influences. Journal of Adolescence, 47, 5–15.
80.
SabinaC.CuevasC. A.HoL. Y. (2021). Multiple dimensions of acculturation and the victimization of Latino adolescents. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 27(2), 280–295. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000338
81.
SabinaC.CuevasC. A.SchallyJ. L. (2012). The cultural influences on help-seeking among a national sample of victimized Latino women. American Journal of Community Psychology, 49(3–4), 347–363.
82.
SabinaC.CuevasC. A.ZadnikE. (2014). Intimate partner violence among Latino women: Rates and cultural correlates. Journal of Family Violence, 30(1), 35–47.
83.
SackettL.SaundersD. (1999). The impact of different forms of psychological abuse on battered women. Violence & Victims, 14, 105–177.
84.
ShepardM. F.CampbellJ. A. (1992). The abusive behavior inventory. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 7(3), 291–305.
85.
ShimW. S.Nelson-BeckerH. (2009). Korean older intimate partner violence survivors in North America: Cultural considerations and practice recommendations. Journal of Women & Aging, 21(3), 213–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/08952840903054773
86.
Shiu-ThorntonS.SenturiaK.SullivanM. (2005). “Like a bird in a cage”: Vietnamese women survivors talk about domestic violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20(8), 959–976.
87.
Song-KimY. I. (1992). Battered Korean women in urban United States. In FurutoS. M.BiswasR.ChungD. K.MuraseK.Ross-SheriffF. (Eds.), Social work practice with Asian Americans (pp. 213–226). Sage.
88.
StrausM. A. (2017). Cross-cultural reliability and validity of the revised conflict tactics scales: A study of university student dating couples in 17 nations. Cross-Cultural Research, 38(4), 407–432.
89.
StrausM. A.HambyS. L.Boney-McCoyS.SugarmanD. B. (1996). The revised conflict tactics scales (CTS2). Journal of Family Issues, 17(3), 283–316.
90.
StrausM. A.RamirezI. L. (2007). Gender symmetry in prevalence, severity, and chronicity of physical aggression against dating partners by university students in Mexico and USA. Aggressive Behavior, 33(4), 281–290.
91.
StylianouA. (2018). Economic abuse within intimate partner violence: A review of the literature. Violence & Victims, 33(1), 3–22.
92.
TaftA. J.SmallR.HoangK. A. (2008). Intimate partner violence in Vietnam and among Vietnamese diaspora communities in western societies: A comprehensive review. Journal of Family Studies, 14(2–3), 167–182.
93.
ThompsonM.BasileK.HertzM.SitterleD. (2006). Measuring intimate partner violence victimization and perpetration: A compendium of assessment tools. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.
94.
TjadenP. G.ThoennesN. (1998). Stalking in America: Findings from the national violence against women survey. U.S. Department of Justice.
95.
TjadenP. G.ThoennesN. (2000). Extent, nature, and consequences of intimate partner violence: Findings from the national violence against women survey (NJ Report No. 118167). U.S. Department of Justice.
96.
TolmanR. M. (1999). The validation of the psychological maltreatment of women inventory. Violence & Victims, 14(1), 25–37.
97.
TorresS.CampbellJ.CampbellD. W.RyanJ.KingC.PriceP., et al. (2000). Abuse during and before pregnancy: Prevalence and cultural correlates. Violence & Victims, 15(3), 303–321.
98.
TranC. G. (1997). Domestic violence among Vietnamese refugee women: Prevalence, abuse characteristics, psychiatric symptoms, and psychosocial factors [Unpublished dissertation]. Boston University.
