Anthropologists use the word ‘subjectivity’ loosely, often to refer to the emotional life of the political subject. In this article I argue that a psychological model of emotion helps us to create a clearer anthropological theory of subjectivity, and in the process helps us to make sense of some of the anthropological quarrels about emotion as well. The article concludes with a discussion of the subjectivity of homeless, often psychotic women, which I call ‘social defeat’.
Anderson, E. (1999) The Code of the Street. New York: Norton .
2.
Biehl, J. , B. Good and A. Kleinman , eds (forthcoming) Rethinking Subjectivity. Berkeley: University of California Press .
3.
Briggs, J. (1970) Never in Anger: Portrait of an Eskimo Family. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press .
4.
Campos, J. , D. Mummie , R. Kermoian and R. Campos (1994) ‘A Functionalist Perspective on the Nature of Emotion’ , The Japanese Journal of Research on Emotions2: 1–20 .
5.
Cannon, W. (1942) ‘Voodoo Death’ , American Anthropologist44: 169–181 .
6.
Damasio, A. (1994) Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain. New York: Putnam .
7.
D'Andrade, R. (1995) The Development of Cognitive Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
8.
Darwin, C. (1998 [1872]) The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Oxford: Oxford University Press .
9.
Ekman, P. , ed. (1973) Darwin and Facial Expression: A Century of Research in Review. New York and London: Academic Press .
10.
Ekman, P. (1994) ‘All Emotions are Basic’, in P. Ekman and R. Davidson (eds) The Nature of Emotion, pp. 15–19. Oxford: Oxford University Press .
11.
Ekman, P. (1998) ‘Introduction’, ‘Afterword’, ‘Commentary’, in Charles DarwinThe Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, pp. xiii–xvii; xxi–xxxvi; 363–394. Oxford: Oxford University Press .
12.
Ekman, P. and R. Davidson , eds (1994) The Nature of Emotion. Oxford: Oxford University Press .
13.
Frijda, N. (1986) The Emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
14.
Geertz, C. (2000) Available Light. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press .
15.
Goldsmith, H. and R. Davidson (2004) ‘Disambiguating the Components of Emotion Regulation’ , Child Development75: 361–365 .
16.
Gross, J. and O. John (2003) ‘Individual Differences in Emotion Regulation Processes: Implications for Affect, Relationships and Well-Being’ , Journal of Personality and Social Psychology85: 348–362 .
17.
Hollan, D. (1988) ‘Staying “Cool” in Toraja: Informal Strategies for the Management of Anger and Hostility in a Non-Violent Society’ , Ethos16: 52–72 .
18.
Holland, D. and K. Leander (2004) ‘Ethnographic Studies of Positioning and Subjectivity: An Introduction’ , Ethos32: 127–139 .
19.
Hopper, K. (2004) ‘Interrogating the Meaning of “Culture” in the WHO International Studies of Schizophrenia’, in J. Jenkins and R. Barrett (eds) Schizophrenia, Culture and Subjectivity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
20.
James, W. (1981 [1890]) The Principles of Psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press .
21.
Lazarus, R. (1991) Emotion and Adaptation. Oxford: Oxford University Press .
22.
Levy, R. (1973) Tahitians. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press .
23.
Luhrmann, T.M. (1996) The Good Parsi: The Postcolonial Predicament of an Indian Colonial Elite. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press .
24.
Lutz, C. (1988) Unnatural Emotions: Everyday Sentiments on a Micronesian Atoll and their Challenge to Western Theory. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press .
25.
Mead, M. (1935) Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies. New York: Morrow .
26.
Mead, M. (1975) ‘Review of Ekman, ed., Darwin and Facial Expression’ , Journal of Communication210: 25–25 .
27.
Mesquita, B. (2001) ‘Emotions in Collectivist and Individualist Contexts’ , Journal of Personality and Social Psychology80: 68–74 .
28.
Mesquita, B. and N. Frijda (1992) ‘Cultural Variations in Emotions: A Review’ , Psychological Bulletin112: 179–204 .
29.
Ortner, S. (1974) “Is Female to Male as Nature is to Culture?’, in M. Rosaldo and L. Lamphere (eds) Women, Culture and Society. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press .
30.
Ortner, S. (1996) Making Gender. Boston, MA: Beacon .
31.
Ortner, S. (2005) ‘Subjectivity and Cultural Critique’ , Anthropological Theory5: 31–52 .
32.
Ortner, S. , ed. (1999) The Fate of ‘Culture’: Geertz and Beyond. Berkeley: University of California Press .
33.
Rosaldo, M. (1980) Knowledge and Passion: Ilongot Notions of Self and Social Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
34.
Russell, J. (1991) ‘Culture and the Categorization of Emotions’ , Psychological Bulletin110: 426–450 .
35.
Scherer, K. (2000) ‘Psychological Models of Emotion’, in J. Borod (ed.) The Neuropsychology of Emotion, pp. 137–162. Oxford: Oxford University Press .
36.
Shweder, R. (1991) Thinking Through Cultures. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press .
37.
Shweder, R. (1994) ‘“You're Not Sick, You're Just In Love”: Emotion as an Interpretive System’, in P. Ekman and R. Davidson (eds) The Nature of Emotion, pp. 32–44. Oxford: Oxford University Press .
38.
Tomkins, S. (1995) Exploring Affect. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
39.
Wierzbicka, A. (1986) ‘Human Emotions: Universal or Culture-Specific?’ , American Anthropologist88: 584–594 .
40.
Wierzbicka, A. (1999) Emotions Across Languages and Cultures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
41.
Wikan, U. (1990) Managing Turbulent Hearts. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press .
42.
Zajonc, R. (1980) ‘Feeling and Thinking: Preferences Need No Inferences’ , American Psychologist35: 151–175 .