The article focuses on three contemporary and better-known normative theories of planning: communicative planning theory (Forester, Healey, Innes and others), the Just City approach (Fainstein), and those concerned with the recognition of diversity and cultural difference (Sandercock). Such theories are of great interest to planners who continue to grapple with the problem of overcoming the extreme forms of inequity, division and social breakdown that persist in the cities of Africa. The article examines some of the central assumptions underlying these theories and considers the extent to which they provide useful direction, or simply attempt to generalize a western context.
Aids Analysis Africa (2000) 10(5). URL: http://www.und.ac.za/und/heard/AAA/AAA.htm
2.
Aina, T.
(1997) ‘The State and Civil Society: Politics, Government and Social Organization in African Cities’, in C. Rakodi (ed.) The Urban Challenge in Africa: Growth and Management of its Large Cities, pp. 411-446. Tokyo: United Nations University Press.
3.
Allen, C.
(1997) ‘Who Needs Civil Society?’, Review of African Political Economy73: 329-337.
4.
Allen, C.
(1999) ‘Warfare, Endemic Violence and State Collapse in Africa’, Review of African Political Economy81: 367-384.
5.
Bartlett, D.
(2000) ‘Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study’, Journal of Southern African Studies26(3): 429-446.
6.
Beauregard, R.
(1998) ‘Writing the Planner’, Journal of Planning Education and Development18(2): 93-101.
7.
Bebbington, A.
and Bebbington, D. (2001) ‘Development Alternatives: Practice, Dilemmas and Theory’, Area33(1): 7-17.
8.
Borja, J.
and Castells, M. (1997) Local and Global: Management of Cities in the Information Age. London: United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat), Earthscan.
9.
Breheny, M.
(ed.) (1992) Sustainable Development and Urban Form. London: Pion.
10.
Burgess, R.
, Carmona, M. and Kolstee, T. (1997) The Challenge of Sustainable Cities: Neoliberalism and Urban Strategies in Developing Countries. London: Zed Books.
11.
Bush, R.
and Szeftel, M. (1998) ‘Commentary: “Globalisation” and the Regulation of Africa’, Review of African Political Economy76: 173-177.
12.
Chabal, P.
(1996) ‘The African Crisis: Context and Interpretation’, in R. Werbner and T. Ranger (eds) Postcolonial Identities in Africa, pp. 30-54. London: Zed Books.
13.
Crush, J.
(ed.) (1996) Power of Development. London: Routledge.
14.
De Boeck, F.
(1996) ‘Postcolonialism, Power and Identity: Local and Global Perspectives from Zaire’, in R. Werbner and T. Ranger (eds) Postcolonial Identities in Africa, pp. 75-106. London: Zed Books.
15.
Dewar, D.
(2000) ‘The Relevance of the Compact City Approach: The Management of Urban Growth in South African Cities’, in M. Jenks and R. Burgess (eds) Compact Cities: Sustainable Urban Forms for Developing Countries, pp. 209-218. London: Spon Press.
16.
Diaw, K.
, Nnkya, T. and Watson, V. (2001) ‘Planning Education in Africa: Responding to the Demands of a Changing Context’, paper presented to World Planning Schools Congress, Shanghai, 11-15 July.
17.
Elbadawi, I.
and Mwega, F. (2000) ‘Can Africa’s Saving Collapse be Reversed?’, World Bank Economic Review14 (3): 415-443.
18.
Elbadawi, I.
and Sambanis, N. (2000) ‘Why Are There So Many Civil Wars in Africa? Understanding and Preventing Violent Conflict’, Journal of African Economies9(3): 244-269.
19.
Escobar, A.
(1994) Encountering Development. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
20.
Fainstein, S.
(1995) ‘Politics, Economics, and Planning: Why Urban Regimes Matter’, Planning Theory14: 34-41.
21.
Fainstein, S.
(2000) ‘New Directions in Planning Theory’, Urban Affairs Review35(4): 451-478.
22.
Flyvbjerg, B.
(1998a) ‘Empowering Civil Society: Habermas, Foucault and the Question of Conflict’, in M. Douglass and J. Friedmann (eds) Cities for Citizens, pp. 185-212. Chichester: Wiley.
23.
Flyvbjerg, B.
(1998b) Rationality and Power: Democracy in Practice. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
24.
Forester, J.
(1989) Planning in the Face of Power. Berkeley: University of California Press.
25.
Fraser, N.
(2000) ‘Rethinking Recognition’, New Left Review3: 107-120.
26.
Graham, S.
and Healey, P. (1999) ‘Relational Concepts of Space and Place: Issues for Planning Theory and Practice’, European Planning Studies7(5): 623-646.
27.
Habermas, J.
(1990a) Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
28.
Habermas, J.
(1990b) The Theory of Communicative Action. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
29.
Harvey, D.
(2000) Spaces of Hope. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
30.
Healey, P.
(1992) ‘Planning through Debate: The Communicative Turn in Planning Theory’, Town Planning Review63(2): 143-162.
31.
Healey, P.
(1997) Collaborative Planning: Shaping Places in Fragmented Societies. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
32.
Healey, P.
(1999) ‘Institutional Analysis, Communicative Planning, and Shaping Places’, Journal of Planning Education and Research18(2): 111-121.
33.
Healey, P.
(2000) ‘Planning in Relational Space and Time: Responding to New Urban Realities’, in G. Bridge and S. Watson (eds) A Companion to the City, pp. 517-530. Oxford: Blackwell.
34.
Huxley, M.
(2000) ‘The Limits to Communicative Planning’, Journal of Planning Education and Research19(4): 369-377.
35.
Huxley, M.
and Yiftachel, O. (2000) ‘New Paradigm or Old Myopia? Unsettling the Communicative Turn in Planning Theory’, Journal of Planning Education and Research19(4): 333-342.
36.
Innes, J.
(1995) ‘Planning Theory’s Emerging Paradigm: Communicative Action and Interactive Practice’, Journal of Planning Education and Research14(3): 183-189.
37.
Jenks, M.
and Burgess, R. (eds) (2000) Compact Cities: Sustainable Urban Forms for Developing Countries. London: Spon Press.
38.
Leys, C.
(1994) ‘Confronting the African Tragedy’, New Left Review204 (March/April): 33-47.
39.
Lynch, K.
(1990) Good City Form. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
40.
McIlwaine, C.
(1998) ‘Contesting Civil Society: Reflections from El Salvador’, Third World Quarterly19(4): 651-672.
41.
Mamdani, M.
(1996) Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Cape Town: David Philip.
42.
Mandelbaum, S.
(1996) ‘Introduction: The Talk of the Community’, in S. Mandelbaum, L. Mazza and R. Burchell (eds) Explorations in Planning Theory, pp. xi-xix. Rutgers, NJ: Centre for Urban Policy Research.
43.
Marcussen, H.
(1996) ‘NGOs, the State and Civil Society’, Review of African Political Economy69: 405-423.
44.
Mitlin, D.
(2001) ‘The Formal and Informal Worlds of State and Civil Society: What do they Offer to the Urban Poor?’, International Planning Studies6(4): 377-392.
45.
Mohan, G.
(1997) ‘Developing Differences: Post-Structuralism and Political Economy In Contemporary Development Studies’, Review of African Political Economy73: 311-328.
46.
Mohan, G.
and Stokke, K. (2000) ‘Participatory Development and Empowerment: The Dangers of Localism’, Third World Quarterly21(2): 247-268.
47.
Municipality of Cape Town
(1998) Commission of Enquiry: Crossroads and Philippi Crisis Report. Cape Town: Cape Town Municipality.
48.
O’Brien, D.
(1996) ‘A Lost Generation? Youth Identity and State Decay in West Africa’, in R. Werbner and T. Ranger (eds) Postcolonial Identities in Africa, pp. 55-74. London: Zed Books.
49.
Rogerson, C.
(1997) ‘Globalization or Informalization? African Urban Economies in the 1990s’, in C. Rakodi (ed.) The Urban Challenge in Africa: Growth and Management of its Large Cities, pp. 337-370. Tokyo: United Nations University Press.
50.
Sandercock, L.
(1998a) Towards Cosmopolis. Planning for Multicultural Cities. Chichester: Wiley.
51.
Sandercock, L.
(1998b) ‘The Death of Modernist Planning: Radical Praxis for a Postmodern Age’, in M. Douglass and J. Friedmann (eds) Cities for Citizens, pp. 163-184. Chichester: Wiley.
52.
Sandercock, L.
(2000) ‘Negotiating Fear and Desire: The Future of Planning in Multicultural Societies’, Urban Forum11(2): 201-210.
53.
Schoonraad, M.
(2000) ‘Cultural and Institutional Obstacles to Compact Cities in South Africa’, in M. Jenks and R. Burgess (eds) Compact Cities: Sustainable Urban Forms for Developing Countries, pp. 219-230. London: Spon Press.
54.
Sen, A.
(1999) Development as Freedom. New York: Alfred Knopf.
55.
Simon, D.
(1997) ‘Urbanization, Globalization, and Economic Crisis in Africa’, in C. Rakodi (ed.) The Urban Challenge in Africa: Growth and Management of its Large Cities, pp. 74-108. Tokyo: United Nations University Press.
56.
Simone, T.A.
(1998) Urban Processes and Change in Africa. Working Paper 3/97. Dakar: CODESIRIA.
57.
Simone, T.A.
(1999) ‘Thinking about African Urban Management in an Era of Globalisation’, African Sociological Review3(2): 69-98.
58.
Simone, T.A.
(2000) ‘On Informality and Considerations for Policy’, Dark Roast Occasional Paper Series. Cape Town: Isandla Institute.
59.
Spiegel, A.
, Watson, V. and Wilkinson, P. (1996) ‘Domestic Diversity and Fluidity among some African Households in Greater Cape Town’, Social Dynamics21(2): 7-30.
60.
Storper, M.
(2001) ‘The Poverty of Radical Theory Today: From the False Promises of Marxism to the Mirage of the Cultural Turn’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research25(1): 155-179.
61.
Tewdwr-Jones, M.
and Allmendinger, P. (1998) ‘Deconstructing Communicative Rationality: A Critique of Habermasian Collaborative Planning’, Environment and Planning A30(11): 1975-1989.
62.
Todes, A.
(2000) ‘Reintegrating the Apartheid City? Urban Policy and Urban Restructuring in Durban’, in G. Bridge and S. Watson (eds) A Companion to the City, pp. 617-628. Oxford: Blackwell.
63.
Todes, A.
, Dominik, T. and Hindson, D. (2000) ‘From Fragmentation to Compaction? The Case of Durban, South Africa’, in M. Jenks and R. Burgess (eds) Compact Cities: Sustainable Urban Forms for Developing Countries, pp. 231-244. London: Spon Press.
64.
Turok, I.
and Watson, V. (2001) ‘Divergent Development in South African Cities: Strategic Challenges Facing Cape Town’, Urban Forum12(2): 119-138.
65.
Walton, J.
(1998) ‘Urban Conflict and Social Movements in Poor Countries: Theory and Evidence of Collective Action’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research22(3): 460-481.
66.
World Bank
(2000) World Development Indicators 2000. Washington, DC: World Bank.
67.
World Bank
(2001) World Development Report 2000/2001. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
68.
Yiftachel, O.
(1995) ‘The Dark Side of Modernism: Planning as Control of an Ethnic Minority’, in S. Watson and K. Gibson (eds) Postmodern Cities and Spaces, pp. 216-242. Oxford: Blackwell.
69.
Yiftachel, O.
and Huxley, M. (2000) ‘Debating Dominance and Relevance: Notes on the “Communicative Turn” in Planning Theory’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research24(4): 907-913.
