This paper returns to a classic of planning and questions the inhibiting role that an approach to spatial regulation based on the requirement of use conformance has on the unfolding of (religious) diversity. The urgency to readdress the topic is due to the lack – among literature concerned with the urban effects of migration – of contributes questioning both the legitimacy of the categories used to order space and the very same process of ordering space through categories of uses. To fill this gap, the paper draws from critical legal geography and critical secular scholarships and, examining paradigmatic cases of “mosques out of place” in Veneto (in northeast Italy), shows that discourses over use conformity in spatial regulation need to be drastically re-examined. They, in fact, contribute to normalise sociocultural expectations about religion and space, resulting intrinsically discriminatory.
AllieviS (1999) Pluralismo religioso e società multietniche. Filosofia e Teologia3: 433-455
2.
AmbrosiniM (2019) Fratelli ma non troppo. La Chiesa cattolica e gli immigrati in Italia. Mondi Migranti1: 9-27.
3.
ArbaciS (2019) Paradoxes of Segregation. Housing Systems, Welfare Regimes and Ethnic Residential Change in Southern European Cities. Wiley
4.
AsadT (1993) Genealogies of Religion. London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
5.
BennettL (2016) How does law make place? Localisation, translocalisation and thing-law at the world’s first factory. Geoforum74: 182-191.
6.
BergAL (2018) From religious to secular place-making: How does the secular matter for religious place construction in the local?Social Compass, 66(1): 35-48.
7.
BialasiewiczL (2017) That which is not a mosque: Disturbing place at the 2015 Venice Biennale. City21(3-4): 367-387.
8.
BlomleyN (2003) From “what?” to “so what?”: Law and Geography in retrospective. Current Legal Issues5: 17-33.
9.
BlomleyN (2020) Precarious Territory: Property Law, Housing, and the Socio-Spatial Order. Antipode, 52(1): 36-57.
10.
BravermanIBlomleyNet al. (2014) The Expanding Spaces of Law. A Timely Legal Geography. Stanford: Stanford law books
11.
BoeziE (2017) No alla Moschea di Mestre: e gli Islamici Vogliono Bloccare la Città. Il Giornale.
12.
BravermanI (2014) “Who’s afraid of methodology? Advocating a methodological turn in legal geography”, in BravermanIBlomleyNet al. (eds) The Expanding Spaces of Law : A Timely Legal Geography. Stanford: Stanford Law Books
13.
BriataP (2014) Spazio urbano e immigrazione in Italia. Esperienze di pianificazione in una prospettiva europea, FrancoAngeli, Milano.
14.
BurchardtM (2019) Religion in urban assemblages: space, law, and power. Religion, State and Society, 47(4-5): 374-389.
15.
BurayidiMA (2000) Urban planning in a multicultural society. Westport: Praeger.
16.
CampbellHMarshallR (2002) Utilitarianism’s bad breath? A re-evaluation of the public interest. Justification for planning. Planning Theory1(2): 163-187.
17.
CartaG (2022) For postsecular space. City, online first
18.
CavanaughWT (2009) The Myth of Religious Violence. New York: Oxford University press.
19.
CesariJ (2005) Mosque conflicts in European cities: Introduction. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies31(6): 1015-1024.
20.
ChiodelliF (2015) Religion and the city: A review on Muslim spatiality in Italian cities. Cities44:19-28.
21.
ChiodelliFMoroniS (2017) Planning, pluralism and religious diversity: Critically reconsidering the spatial regulation of mosques in Italy starting from a much debated law in the Lombardy region. Cities62: 62-70.
22.
ChiodelliFMorpurgoD (2022) Placing the law: The socio-spatial impact of legal norms beyond mere compliance. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers47: 725–740.
23.
ChungLLW (1994) The economics of land-use zoning. A literature review and analysis of the work of Coase, The Town Planning Review, 65(1), 77-98.
24.
CioccaF (2018) La comunità islamica più numerosa in Italia? Quella Italiana Neodemos. Popolazione Società Politiche.
25.
CioccaF (2019) L’Islam Italiano. Un’indagine tra religione identità e Islamophobia, Milano: MeltemiLinee.
26.
CoaseRH (1960) The problem of social cost, The Journal of Law and Economics3: 1-44.
CooperD (1996) Talmudic Territory? Space, Law, and Modernist Discourse. Journal of Law and Society, 23(4): 529-548.
29.
CooperD (2004) Challenging Diversity. Rethinking Equality and the Value of Difference. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
30.
CooperDHermanD (1999) Jews and Other Uncertainties: Race, Faith, and English Law, Legal Studies19(3):339-366.
31.
CresswellT (1996). In Place/Out of Place. Geography, Ideology and Transgression. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
32.
DelaneyD (2003) Law and Nature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
33.
DelaneyD (2015) Legal geography I: Constitutivities, complexities, and contingencies. Progress in Human Geography39(1): 96-102.
34.
DelgadoRStefanicJ (2001) Critical race theory. An introduction. New York: New York University Press
35.
DunnK (2004) Islam in Sydney: Contesting the Discourse of Absence, Australian Geographer, 35(3): 333-353
36.
DwyerCTseJLeyD. (2016) “Highway to Heaven”: the creation of a multicultural, religious landscape in suburban Richmond, British Columbia. Social & Cultural Geography17(5): 667-693.
37.
EadeJ (1996) Nationalism, Community, and the Islamization of Space in London. In: MetcalfBD (eds), Making Muslim Space in North America and Europe. Berkeley: University of California Press.
38.
EllicksonEC (1973) Alternatives to Zoning: Covenants, Nuisance Rules, and Fines as Land Use Controls. The University of Chicago Law Review40(4):681-781.
39.
FabbriA (2013) L’utilizzo di Immobili per lo Svolgimento delle Attività di Culto. Stato, Chiese e pluralismo confessionale; 40.
40.
FincherRIvesonKLeitnerH, et al. (2014) Planning in the multicultural city: Celebrating diversity or reinforcing difference? Progress in Planning, 92: 1-55.
41.
FitzgeraldT (2007) Discourse on Civility and Barbarity. A critical History of Religion and related Categories. Oxford: Oxford University press.
42.
GaleR (2005) Representing the City: Mosques and the Planning Process in Birmingham, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 31(6): 1161-1179.
43.
GaleRNaylorS (2002) Religion, Planning and the City. The spatial politics of Ethnic minority expression in British cities and towns. Ethnicities2(3): 387-409.
44.
GaleRThomasH (2018) Race at the margins: A Critical Race Theory perspective on race equality in UK planning. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space36(3):460-478.
45.
GermainA.GanonJ. E. (2003) Minority Places of Worship and Zoning Dilemmas in Montreéal. Planning Theory & Practice4(3): 295–318. doi: 10.1080/1464935032000118652.
46.
GiorgiA (2018) Religioni di Minoranza tra Europa e Laicità Locale. Milano: Mimesis
47.
GuoloR (2010) Chi Impugna la Croce. Bari: Editori Laterza.
48.
HarveyD (1992) Social Justice, Postmodernism and the City. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research16(4): 588-601
49.
LayardA (2010) Shopping in the public realm: a law of place. Journal of Law and Society37(3):412-441.
50.
Lehavi (2018) One Hundred Years of Zoning and the Future of Cities, Springer
51.
Lo PiccoloF (2000) Palermo, a City in Transition: Saint Benedict 'The Moor' versus Saint Rosalia, International Planning Studies5(1): 87-115.
52.
ISMU (2019) La maggior parte è di fede cristiana. In crescita Musulmani ed Evangelici. Iniziative e Studi sulla Multietnicità. Fondazione ISMU.
53.
ISMU (2021) Immigrati e religioni in Italia. I cristiani sono più del doppio dei Musulmani. Crescono gli ortodossi. Diminuiscono invece cattolici e islamici. Fondazione ISMU.
54.
KuppingerP (2011) Vibrant mosques: Space, planning and informality in Germany. Built Environment, 37(1): 78-91.
55.
KuppingerP (2014) Mosques and minarets: Conflict, participation, and visibility in German cities. Anthropological Quarterly87(3): 793-818.
56.
MahmoodS (2016) Religious Difference in a Secular Age: A Minority Report. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.
57.
MasseyD (2005) For Space. London: Sage Publications.
58.
MasseyDDentonN (1993) American Aparthied. Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press.
59.
MarconiG (2012) Città, pluralità e spazi negati: il caso della moschea itinerante di Treviso. Urbanistica Informazioni244: 12–14.
60.
ManouchehrifarB (2018) Is planning “secular”? Rethinking religion, secularism, and planning. Planning Theory & Practice19(5): 653-677.
61.
MazzaL (2002) Technical knowledge and planning action. Planning Theory1(1):11-26
62.
MazzaL (2016) Planning and Citizenship. New York: Routledge
63.
ManouchehrifarBForesterJ (2021) Rethinking Religion and Secularism in Urban Planning. Planning Theory & Practice22(2), 269-317
64.
MasuzawaT (2005) The Invention of World Religions: Or, How European Universalism Was preserved in the Language of Pluralism. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
65.
McAuliffeCRogersD (2019) The politics of value in urban development: Valuing conflict in agonistic pluralism. Planning Theory18(3):300-318.
66.
MillerD (2014) Majorities and Minarets: Religious Freedom and Public Space, Cambridge University Press46: 437-456
67.
MoroniS (2007) Introduction: Land-Use, planning and the law. Planning Theory6(2):107-111.
68.
MoroniS (2010) Rethinking the theory and practice of land-use regulation: Towards nomocracy. Planning Theory9(2): 137-155.
69.
MorpurgoD (2021) The Limits of Planning: Avoidance, Concealment, and Refusal of Religious Diversity in Northeast Italy. Planning Theory & Practice22(1): 72–89.
70.
MurtaghBEllisG (2010) The skills agenda and the competencies for managing diversity and space. Town Planning Review81(5): 563-583.
71.
NeedhamB (2006) Planning, Law and Economics, London: Routledge.
72.
NongbriB (2013) Before Religion. A History of a Modern Concept. New Haven: Yale University Press.
73.
NyeM (1998) Minority Religious Groups and Religious Freedom in England: the ISKCON temple at Bhaktivedanta Manor. Journal of Church and State40(2): 411-436.
74.
NyeM (2001) Multiculturalism and Minority Religions in Britain. Krishna Consciousness, Religious Freedom and the Politics of Location, Richmond: Curzon.
75.
NyeM (2019) Race and Religion: Postcolonial Formations of Power and Whiteness. Method and Theory in the Study of Religion31(3): 210-237.
76.
OstanelE (2014) Immigrazione e giustizia spaziale. Pratiche, politiche e immaginari. Mondi Migranti1:25-38.
77.
QadeerMA (1997) Pluralistic planning for multicultural cities: The Canadian practice. Journal of the American Planning Association63(4): 481-494.
78.
QadeerMA (2016) Multicultural cities: Toronto, New York, and Los Angeles. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
79.
PaceE (2013) Le religioni nell’Italia che cambia, Roma: Carrocci Editore.
RivolinUJ (2008) Conforming and Performing Planning Systems in Europe: An Unbearable Cohabitation. Planning Practice & Research23(2): 167-186.
83.
Saint-BlancatCSchmidt di FriedbergO (2005) Why are Mosques a Problem? Local Politics and Fear of Islam in Northern Italy, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 31(6):1083-1104
84.
SandercockLKligerB (1998) Multiculturalism and the Planning System: Part One. Australian Planner35(3): 127-130.
85.
SantoireEDesrocheJGarcierRJ (2020).Quelles méthodes d’enquête pour les recherches géo-légales ? Retour d’expérience à partir de la mise en concurrence des concessions hydroélectriques en France. Annales de géographie773-774(3): 228-249.
86.
SaxerSR (1996) When religion Becomes a Nuisance: Balancing Land Use and Religious Freedom When Activities of Religious Institutions Bring Outsiders into the Neighborhood. Kentucky Law Journal84(3): 507-552.
87.
ServilloLLinguaV (2014) The Innovation of the Italian Planning System: Actors, Path Dependencies, Cultural Contradictions and a Missing Epilogue, European Planning Studies22(2): 400-417.
88.
SchwartzmanM (2012) What If Religion Is Not Special?The University of Chicago Law Review79(4):1351-1427.
89.
SullivanWF (2005) The Impossibility of Religious Freedom, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
90.
TaitM (2016) Planning and the public interest: Still a relevant concept for planners?Planning Theory15(4): 335-343
91.
TalenE (2012) Zoning and Diversity in Historical Perspective, Journal of Planning History11(4): 330-347.
92.
TriandafyllidouAGropasR (2009) Constructing Difference: The Mosque Debates in Greece, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies35(6):957-975
93.
ThomasH (2000) Race and Planning; The UK experience. New York: UCL Press.
94.
VertovecS (2019) Talking around super-diversity, Ethnic and Racial Studies42(1): 125-139
95.
WaldronJ (1991) Homelessness and the issue of freedom. University of California Law Review39: 295-324
96.
WaldronJ (1987) Mill and the Value of Moral Distress. Poltical Studies35: 410-423.
97.
WaldronJ (2000) Homelessness and Community. The University of Toronto Law Journal, 50(4): 371-406.
98.
WalkerRS (1982) What Constitutes a Religious Use for Zoning Purposes, The Catholic Lawyer, 27(2):129-183.
99.
WatsonV (2006) Deep Difference: Diversity, Planning and Ethics. Planning Theory. 5(1): 31-50.
100.
WhittemoreAH (2017).The Experience of Racial and Ethnic Minorities with Zoning in the United States, Journal of Planning Literature32(1):16-27
101.
WhittemoreAH (2021) Exclusionary Zoning, Journal of the American Planning Association87(2):167-180
