In the context of the actor–partner interdependence model, this study examined the influence of friendship quality on console-gaming aggression (i.e., verbal aggression, camping, trolling) and how such associations might be mediated by anger and revenge planning. These associations were examined among 51 pairs of friends in eighth grade, who regularly play online first-person shooters together. Results indicated that poor friendship quality was related positively to verbal aggression, trolling, and camping. In addition, these relationships were mediated by anger and revenge planning. These findings suggest that friendship quality, anger, and revenge planning are important in adolescents’ aggressive behaviors through first-person shooters.
AndersonC. A.BushmanB. J. (2002). Human aggression. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 27–51. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135231
2.
AndersonC. A.CarnageyN. L.FlanaganM.BenjaminA. J.EubanksJ.ValentineJ. C. (2004). Violent video games: Specific effects of violent content on aggressive thoughts and behavior. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 199–249.
3.
AndersonC. A.ShibuyaA.IhoriN.SwingE. L.BushmanB. J.SakamotoA.,…SaleemM. (2010). Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in eastern and western countries: A meta-analytics review. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 151–173. doi:10.1037/a0018251
BannyA. M.HeilbronN.AmesA.PrinsteinM. J. (2011). Relational benefits of relational aggression: Adaptive and maladaptive associations with adolescent friendship quality. Developmental Psychology, 47, 1153–1166. doi:10.1037/a0022546
6.
BarlettC. P.HarrisR. J.BaldassaroR. (2007). Longer you play, the more hostile you feel: Examination of first person shooter video games and aggression during video game play. Aggressive Behavior, 33, 1–12. doi:10.1002/ab.20227
7.
BartholowB. D.BushmanB. J.SestirM. A. (2006). Chronic violent video game exposure and desensitization to violence: Behavioral and event-related brain potential data. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 532–539.
8.
BerkowitzL. (1993). Aggression: Its causes, consequences, and control. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
9.
BirchS. H.LaddG. W. (1997). The teacher–child relationship and children’s early school adjustment. Journal of School Psychology, 35, 61–79. doi:10.1016/S0022-4405(96)00029-5
10.
BollmanJ. M.MilichR.HarrisM. J.MarasM. A. (2005). A friend in need: The role of friendship quality as a protective factor in peer victimization and bullying. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20, 701–712. doi:10.1177/0886260504272897
11.
BussA. H.PerryM. (1992). The aggression questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 452–459.
12.
CarnageyN. L.AndersonC. A.BushmanB. J. (2007). The effect of video game violence on physiological desensitization to real-life violence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 489–496.
13.
ColeH.GriffithsM. D. (2007). Social interactions in massive multiplayer online role-playing gamers. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10, 575–583. doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.9988
14.
CookW. L.KennyD. A. (2005). The actor-partner interdependence model: A model of bidirectional effects in developmental studies. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29, 101–109. doi:10.1080/01650250444000405
15.
CrawfordG.LightB.GoslingV. K. (2011). Online gaming in context: The social and cultural significance of online games. New York, NY: Routledge.
16.
CrickN. R.DodgeK. A. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children’s social adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 74–101. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.74
17.
DeleuzeJ.ChristiaensM.NuyensF.BillieuxJ. (2017). Shoot at first sight! First person shooter players displayed reduced reaction time and compromised inhibitory control in comparison to other video games players. Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 570–576.
18.
DensonT. F.PedersenW. C.MillerN. (2006). The displaced aggression questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 1032–1052.
19.
DiazR. L.WongU.HodginsD. C.ChiuC. G.GoghariV. M. (2016). Violent video game players and non-players differ on facial emotion recognition. Aggressive Behavior, 42, 16–28.
EastinM. S. (2006). Video game violence and the female game players: Self- and opponent gender effects on presence and aggressive thoughts. Human Communication Research, 32, 351–372.
22.
ErrityA.RooneyB.TunneyC. (2016). Gaming. In ConnollyI.PalmerM.BartonH.KirwanG. (Eds.), An introduction to cyberpsychology (pp. 257–270). New York, NY: Routledge.
23.
FaiolaA.NewlonC.PfaffM.SmysolvaO. (2013). Correlating the effects of flow and telepresence in virtual worlds: Enhancing our understanding of user behavior in game-based learning. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 1113–1121.
24.
FurmanW.BuhrmesterD. (1985). Children’s perceptions of the personal relationships in their social networks. Developmental Psychology, 21, 1016–1024. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.21.6.1016
25.
GentileD. A.ChooH.LiauA.SimT.LiD.FungD.KhooA. (2011). Pathological video game use among youths: A two-year longitudinal study. Pediatrics, 127, 319–329.
26.
GoM. H.GreenH. D.KennedyD. P.PollardM.TuckerJ. S. (2010). Peer influence and selection effects on adolescent smoking. Drug & Alcohol Dependency, 109, 239–242. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.12.017
27.
GranicI.LobelA.EngelsR. C. M. E. (2014). The benefits of playing video games. American Psychologist, 69, 66–78. doi:10.1037/a0034857
28.
GreitemeyerT.GagioglouC. (2017). The longitudinal relationship between everyday sadism and the amount of violent video game play. Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 238–242.
29.
GuimettiG. W.MarkeyP. M. (2007). Violent video games and anger as predictors of aggression. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 1234–1243. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.02.005
30.
HammJ. V. (2000). Do birds of a feather flock together? The variable bases for African American, Asian American, and European American adolescents’ selection of similar friends. Developmental Psychology, 36, 209–219. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.36.2.209
31.
HenryD. B.SchoenyM. E.DeptulaD. P.SlavickJ. T. (2007). Peer selection and socialization effects on adolescent intercourse without a condom and attitudes about the costs of sex. Child Development, 78, 825–838. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01035.x
32.
HollingdaleJ.GreitemeyerT. (2014). The effect of online violent video games on levels of aggression. PLoS One, 9, e1111790.
33.
HoltzP.AppelM. (2011). Internet use and video gaming predict problem behavior in early adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 34, 49–58. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence2010.02.004
34.
HopfW. H.HuberG. L.WeibR. H. (2008). Media violence and youth violence: A 2-year longitudinal study. Journal of Media Psychology, 20, 79–96.
35.
HuesmannL. R. (1986). Psychological processes promoting the relation between exposure to media violence and aggressive behavior by the viewer. Journal of Social Issues, 42, 125–139. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1986.tb00246.x
36.
InfanteD. A.WigleyC. J. (1986). Verbal aggressiveness: An interpersonal model and measure. Communication Monographs, 53, 61–69. doi:10.1080/03637758609376126
37.
IvoryJ. D.KalyanaramanS. (2007). The effects of technological advancement and violent content in video games on players’ feelings of presence, involvement, physiological arousal, and aggression. Journal of Communication, 57, 532–555.
38.
JanszJ.TanisM. (2007). Appeal of playing online first person shooter games. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10, 133–136. doi:10.1089/cpb.2006.99881
39.
KashyD. A.KennyD. A. (2000). The analysis of data from dyads and groups. In ReisT.JuddC. M. (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (pp. 451–477). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
40.
KennyD. A.CookW. L. (1999). Partner effects in relationship research: Conceptual issues, analytic difficulties, and illustrations. Personal Relationships, 6, 433–448. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.1999.tb002020.x
41.
KimE. J.NamkoongK.KuT.KimS. J. (2008). The relationships between online game addiction and aggression, self-control and narcissistic personality traits. European Psychiatry, 23, 212–218.
42.
KirshS. J. (1998). Seeing the world through Mortal Kombat-colored glasses: Violent video games and the development of a short-term hostile attribution bias. Childhood, 5, 177–184. doi:10.1177/0907568298005002005
43.
LamL. T.ChengZ.LiuX. (2013). Violent online games exposure and cyberbullying/victimization among adolescents. CyberPsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16, 159–165.
44.
LansfordJ. E.CrissM. M.PettitG. S.DodgeK. A.BatesJ. E. (2003). Friendship quality, peer group affiliation, and peer antisocial behavior as moderators of the link between negative parenting and adolescent externalizing behavior. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 13, 161–184. doi:10.1111/153-7795.1302002
LobelA.EngelsR. C. M. E.StoneL. L.BurkW. J.GranicI. (2017). Video gaming and children’s psychosocial wellbeing: A longitudinal study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46, 884–897.
47.
LochmanJ. E.PowellN.ClantonN.McElroyH. (2006). Anger and aggression. In BearG.MinkeK. (Eds.), Children’s needs III: Development, prevention, and intervention (pp. 115–133). Washington, DC: National Association of School Psychologists.
48.
LullR. B.BushmanB. J. (2016). Immersed in violence: Presence mediates the effect of 3D violent video gameplay on angry feelings. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 5, 133–144.
49.
MarkeyP. M.MarkeyC. N. (2010). Vulnerability to violent video games: A review and integration of personality research. Review of General Psychology, 14, 82–91. doi:10.1037/a0019000
50.
McPartlandM.GallagherM. (2008). Learning to be a bot: Reinforcement learning in shooter games. In DarkenC.MateasM. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Fourth Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment Conference (pp. 78–83). Menlo Park, CA: AAAI Press.
51.
McPhersonM.Smith-LovinL.CookJ. M. (2001). Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 415–444. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.415
52.
MollerI.KraheB. (2009). Exposure to violent video games and aggression in German adolescents: A longitudinal analysis. Aggressive Behavior, 35, 75–89. doi:10.1002/ab.20290
53.
NangleD. W.ErdleyC. A.NewmanJ. E.MasonC. A.CarpenterE. M. (2003). Popularity, friendship quantity, and friendship quality: Interactive influences on children’s loneliness and depression. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescence Psychology, 32, 546–555. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3204_7
54.
Padilla-WalkerL. M.NelsonL. J.CarrollJ. S.JensenA. C. (2010). More than just a game: Video game and internet use during emerging adulthood. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 39, 103–113.
55.
ParkerJ. G.AsherS. R. (1993). Friendship and friendship quality in middle childhood: Links with peer group acceptance and feelings of loneliness and social dissatisfaction. Developmental Psychology, 29, 611–621. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.29.4.611
56.
RosenthalR. (1991). Meta-analytic procedures for social research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
57.
RubinK. H.BukowskiW.ParkerJ. G. (1998). Peer interactions, relationships, and groups. In DamonW.EisenbergN. (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (pp. 619–700). New York, NY: Wiley.
58.
RyanR. M.DeciE. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68–78. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
59.
SalvasM.VitaroF.BrendgenM.LacourseE.BoivinM.TremblayR. E. (2010). Interplay between friends’ aggression and friendship quality in the development of child aggression during the early school years. Social Development, 20, 645–663. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2010.00592.x
60.
TengS. K. Z.ChongG. Y. M.SiewA. S. C.SkoricM. M. (2011). Grand Theft Auto IV comes to Singapore: Effects of repeated exposure to violent video games on aggression. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14, 597–602.
61.
ThackerS.GriffithsM. D. (2012). An exploratory study of trolling in online video gaming. International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning, 2, 17–33.
62.
UhlmannE.SwansonJ. (2004). Exposure to violent video games increases automatic aggressiveness. Journal of Adolescence, 27, 41–52. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2003.10.004
63.
WilloughbyT.AdachiP. J. C.GoodM. (2012). A longitudinal study of the association between violent video game play and aggression among adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 48, 1044–1057.
