Abstract
Keywords
As the population ages, the number of older people is expected to increase dramatically. During the upcoming decade, there will be an increase of more than 236 million people aged 65 years and older throughout the world (Wan, Goodkind, & Kowal, 2016). In North America, rising life expectancy has been driven in part by advanced medical interventions that are more readily available and accessible. Health-care systems for many years have been organized around hospital care and treatment of acute health conditions. With the aging demographic shift, health care has begun to shift toward community-based primary health-care services to support older adults living independently for as long as possible (British Columbia Ministry of Health, 2015). Tantamount to preserving older adults’ independence, there is an urgent need for community-based health promotion programs.
Given physiological and environmental factors that often accompany aging (i.e., loss of muscle mass and bone, functional decline, decreased mobility, changes in physical and social environments) older people are at significant risk of chronic diseases (Daley & Spinks, 2000). Physical activity can mitigate these risks; however, older men and women are the least physically active Canadians, relative to younger age groups, with high rates of inactivity and declining leisure time expenditure with increasing age (Hirsch et al., 2010). This is true for both men and women, although much less research has focused on men
Aging is a complex process with intersecting personal, societal, and environmental factors that include gender, social, and physical environments (Mazzeo et al., 1998). Gender is a “set of socially constructed relationships which are produced and reproduced through people’s actions…[and] there is very high agreement in society about what [actions] are considered to be typically feminine and typically masculine” (Courtenay, 2000, p. 1387); its relation to men’s physical activity is a key, yet understudied factor. Dominant ideals of masculinity are commonly associated with being White, heterosexual, educated, of European descent, and of middle to upper socioeconomic status (Bennet, 2007; Courtenay, 2000; Verdonk, Seesing, & de Rijk, 2010). Dominance and control along with characteristics of self-reliance, strength, and stoicism are also key to claims of patriarchal views of accepted performances of “manliness” (Smith, Braunack-Mayer, Wittert, & Warin, 2007). Being emotionally restrained, independent, autonomous, capable, and tough in mind and body are highly valued and requisite to breadwinner and protector roles (Courtney, 2000). These expectations may be powerful drivers of men’s health practices and behaviors, including physical activity (Connell & Messerschmidt, 2005; Schippers, 2007). However, there is considerable diversity in how men align with and enact these masculine ideals. For example, men may demonstrate masculine qualities of strength and independence, but how they demonstrate these qualities varies based on age, culture, ethnicity, social class, and sexuality (Courtenay, 2000).
As the preponderance of physical activity research has focused on women, there is relatively little known about older men’s experiences of physical activity (Bredland, Magnus, & Vik, 2015). Masculine ideals are often not considered when designing innovative physical activity programs for older men (Bottorff et al., 2015). Few health promotion studies have contextualized older men’s experiences of physical activity, and even fewer have used qualitative methods beyond traditional interviews (Chaudhury, Mahmood, Michael, Campo, & Hay, 2012; Lockett, Willis, & Edwards, 2005; Shumway-Cook et al., 2002; Van Cauwenberg et al., 2012).
The purpose of this study was to shed light upon contexts that influence older men’s involvement in physical activity. 1 Specifically, the following question was addressed: How can older men’s day-to-day experiences with physical activity inform the development of targeted physical activity programs?
Methods
An interpretive descriptive approach was used (Thorne, 2016), comprised of photovoice methods, individual interviews, and participant observations using walk-along interviews. From these, themes were distilled across older men’s day-to-day experiences that might inform development of targeted physical activity programs.
Recruitment and Sample
In accordance with University of British Columbia ethics approval, H14-03317, a convenience sample of four community-dwelling older men was recruited for this current study. These men had previously participated in an interview study about physical activity and indicated their willingness to be contacted for further research. Inclusion criteria were broad: they had to self-identify as men age 65 or older; be able to communicate in English; live in the community; and, be able to move about within and outside their homes.
The four participants, ages 70–86, were White, of European background, functionally capable of completing daily activities and chores, and satisfied with their financial status. Within this small sample, there was considerable diversity in their personal and health experiences and social situations (Table 1). Each participant was given a pseudonym to protect their privacy that will be used throughout this research.
Sample Demographics.
Data Collection
Data were gathered through semistructured interviews, walk-along interviews (as a form of participant observation), and photovoice methods. The use of multiple data collection methods provided in-depth and contextual data that reflected participants’ complex experiences with physical activity (Phinney, Dahlke, & Purves, 2013). Questions of an open nature in the semistructured interviews encouraged depth and vitality through the collection of rich data (Doody & Noonan, 2013); through walk-along interviews, researchers were able to gain additional insight through participant observation (Butler & Derrett, 2014); and, photovoice methods allowed researchers to gain insights into participants’ perceptions of their physical activity (Wang & Burris, 1997). Verbal and written consent were obtained prior to beginning data collection. Two trained research assistants facilitated each session and documented their observations in field notes after the sessions.
Each semistructured interview, which took between 21 and 68 min, was audio-recorded and transcribed. Participants were asked about their daily routines and activities, factors that motivated or got in the way of them getting out in their communities, transportation, their most and least favorite ways of being physically active, satisfaction with their physical activity levels, and their thoughts around gender differences in physical activity and aging.
Participants took part in three walk-along interviews, ranging from 30 min to 1 hr, and these were video-taped and/or audio-recorded., allowing for the examination of participants’ experiences, interpretations, and practices as they moved about and engaged in their everyday environments (Carpiano, 2009). These included how the physical environment influenced physical activity, physical function and abilities, safety aspects, and social settings and social interaction. Participants chose activities that they typically engaged in, both inside and outside their home, while describing their experiences and thoughts in the context of this activity. Locations and activities for walk-along interviews included walks around the neighborhood, dog-walking, trips to the grocery store, running errands such as going to the bank or library, conducting house tours, yard work and indoor household chores, and accompanying a participant to a community Senior’s Center.
Participants took photographs to illustrate how elements of the physical and social environment influenced their mobility and physical activity. Instructions were left intentionally broad to allow participants the freedom to take photographs they felt were relevant. These photographs were subsequently used to discuss specific aspects of physical activity in individual interviews which were audio-recorded and transcribed. Permission for use of these photos in this research was obtained through ethics and informed consent of the research participants. The final data set across the four participants included field notes from 20 sessions, 10.17 hr of audio-recorded data, 2.17 hr of video-recorded data, and 54 photographs. As an honorarium, participants received a $10 CAD gift card for a supermarket or coffee shop for each of the 5 sessions they participated in.
Data Analysis
These data were analyzed for themes following principles of interpretive description, in which the main premise is to generate knowledge that can be applied to practice (Thorne, 2016). Data analysis therefore stayed focused on the research question, taking into consideration both what participants stated about their involvement in physical activity programs as well as interpretations around how the men’s experiences can help inform development of targeted physical activity programs. An interpretation framework was developed to guide preliminary analysis for each participant. The framework was laid out as a series of questions. For example: What are his usual physical activities? What does physical activity mean to him? What barriers does he experience? This framework provided a deductive structure for extracting and organizing data in such a way to assure the answering the overall research question. At the same time, it was a useful inductive tool to examine the data from each participant in depth, interpret, and ultimately classify and compare data across the participants, while looking for meaningful commonalities and distinctions in their experiences of physical activity. From this, overarching themes that best portrayed key patterns and meanings within the data and their interconnections were developed.
Findings
The sample of four men provided diversity in their range of experiences, as well as depth in the data generated. Three themes emerged, reflecting commonalities across participants: (a) “The things I’ve always done,” (b) “Out and About,” and (c) “You do need the group atmosphere at times.”
“The Things I’ve Always Done”
Participants tended to reflect on times when they were younger and how their life circumstances and physical health had changed, and how it continued to change with age. It was evident that participants’ past experiences with physical activity resonated with them and significantly influenced the activities they currently engaged in. For example, Carl had spent a significant amount of his life playing tennis. He had multiple chronic health conditions including: bilateral knee replacements, a history of transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), prostate cancer, a previous surgery for colon cancer, glaucoma, hypertension, back pain, unbalanced gait, as well as a fall that cracked his pelvic bone. After multiple hospitalizations, the nature of Carl’s physical activity significantly changed and although he had been managing most of his diagnoses, perhaps his biggest challenge was his loss of balance and stability. Ultimately, the participant had to give up tennis, a sport he had participated in for 70 years.
Through his multiple health transitions, the participant continued to go back to the tennis club to visit and socialize with his friends. He shared that he went
Leonard provided another example of how the past can significantly contribute to current patterns of physical activity. This participant was generally healthy until he suffered from a stroke about a year prior to his interview. Since then he had some short-term memory loss, loss of peripheral vision, and some cognitive impairment. Aside from the cognitive impairment, Leonard was able to almost fully recover from his stroke in terms of regaining strength and balance. His motivation for recovery was inspiring in that he was able to resume almost all his pre-stroke activities. He spent a great deal of time at his local seniors’ recreation center, in which he participated in multiple activities several times a week. Leonard appeared to be motivated by being able to do the activities he had always done in the past, possibly reflecting the importance of strength and resilience to this participant. When asked what motivated him to recover from his stroke, he said,
This statement reflected meaning, purpose, and adhering to routines that the participant had become accustomed to, allowing him to continue being as physically active as possible given his circumstances and reflecting masculine ideals of ability and strength.
Additionally, Courtenay (2000) and Donaldson (1993) have argued that as men age it is likely that they will become more conservative and perhaps dependent on others for certain tasks and activities; however, a desire to be self-reliant in completing routine activities may be meaningful to the men in positioning themselves as strong, independent, and capable men. Their decisions to continue doing what they have always done may be perceived as “risky” due to the physical changes associated with aging, but these tasks are also a part of who these men are. For example, as part of his daily walks, Leonard took his dog down a steep creek located nearby his home, shown in Figure 1. The participant’s willingness to engage in this activity might be argued as risky. However, there was also something about completing this task that was meaningful to him, perhaps representing ideals of routine, purpose, and doing, or the masculine virtue of providing for another
Leonard going for a walk with his dog in his neighborhood. He captioned this photo “I took this picture because… It’s what we try to do daily and it was a beautiful day; the dog needs exercise too.”
As another example, Lee lived independently in a home he had owned for about 30 years. He engaged in various chores around the house including gardening, landscaping, painting, cleaning gutters, and other minor repairs. In doing these tasks, he carried all of his supplies from his backyard to his front yard; the supplies were quite large and heavy, and his stairs were steep with no railings (Figure 2).
The stairs the participant used to carry his yard tools to the front yard.
Further, this participant also trimmed the branches of a tree in his backyard using a 16-foot ladder (Figure 3).
This task seemed to give Lee a sense of accomplishment and independence in remaining capable of an activity that he had probably engaged in all his life:
This participant’s actions are perhaps more overtly risky, in that an element of performativity in both the doing, and the sharing of the story with others, may offer assurances of independence and manly risk taking.
The tree that the participant climbs on a 16-foot ladder to trim.
As a final example, Carl continued to drive regularly to complete his daily tasks and chores. This 86-year-old man had significant health challenges that impaired his ability to drive safely, specifically a history of TIAs and vision problems. However, this man relied heavily on his car, Figure 4, for transportation.
He explained,
Behaviors are often framed as actions that older men should or should not partake in for their well-being. However, for the men in this study, it was about balancing rights, risks, and responsibilities. From a societal point of view, their actions may be considered a safety risk, but the men may have also been seeking to maintain familiar routines and activities at a time when they were experiencing multiple losses to prevent losing a part of themselves. Remaining physically and functionally able with advancing age is a key contributor to quality of life, and specifically for men, this quality may reflect masculine values of independence, self-reliance, strength, and control. The photographs shared here tended to reflect factors that supported the participants’ independence, reiterating the importance of this ideal.
The picture taken by Carl of his car. Losing his license would be a very significant transition for this participant due to his heavy reliance on his car.
“Out and About”
Aspects of the environment exerted a direct effect on physical activity, which was especially important to consider for those who use walking for transportation. Getting out and about in their communities was a key component of physical activity for these men, as they engaged in a fair amount of walking and moving around in the context of their day-to-day lives. The men discussed the importance of the physical environment in motivating their levels of physical activity, as well as the convenience of amenities and facilities in contributing to their daily routines and activities.
For Craig and Lee, walking was the most common method of transportation. A key factor in these two participants’ high frequency of walking was the convenience of their neighborhoods. Both men had nearby access to amenities and facilities; grocery shops, banks, the library, public transportation, as well as restaurants, coffee shops, parks, and multiple other facilities were within walking distance. Both participants felt that the city of Vancouver was very easy to get around in, “
Craig’s input around the convenience of his residence in Vancouver demonstrated the importance of the physical environment, and the proximity of amenities, to mobility and physical activity. His recent choice to move to a location central to amenities and public transportation may reflect the importance of independence, functional capability, and being able to walk to accomplish daily tasks and chores.
On the other hand, Carl and Leonard both relied on driving as their main form of transportation, either by driving themselves, or being driven by a significant other, and thus walked more so for leisure. Although these men lived in urban and suburban areas, amenities such as grocery stores and public transportation were fairly long distances to walk. These men also faced greater health issues relative to the other two men, thus making walking long distances more challenging. These examples demonstrated the need to consider intersections between the environment, physical activity, and health situations for men as they continue to age.
In addition to the proximity of amenities and facilities, the participants discussed how aesthetics of and safety in the physical environment influenced their comfort and ability to walk outside. The three participants residing in the large suburban city discussed how much they enjoyed the beautiful views during their walks, specifically the mountains, the water, and the greenery.
The following two photographs, Figures 5 and 6, were taken by Craig and Lee respectively. Both of these participants resided adjacent to beautiful parks and beaches, further motivating them to walk to where they needed to go.
Further, the participants were generally not bothered by the rain; Craig stated,
Although comments around aesthetics were generally positive and participants expressed satisfaction with their neighborhoods, the participants lived in areas that could be quite busy with heavy traffic from vehicles, pedestrians, or bicycles, making safety concerns worthy of consideration. For example, Leonard discussed on multiple occasions how bike lanes were unsafe because they are often used as right turn lanes; he photographed the image below (Figure 7).
The photo taken by Craig depicting the aesthetics of the neighborhood while enjoying a meal; he captioned “Beautiful weather and miles of water and safe bicycle paths are a strong encouragement to get out and enjoy some exercise.”
The photo taken by Lee, showing the view from his house; he explained how this view encourages him to go for a walk.
The picture taken by Leonard; he believed the bike lanes were hazardous because people used them as right turn lanes, causing cyclists to use the sidewalk, creating safety risks for pedestrians. He stated, “Well, briefly, you should be able to ride a bicycle on the bicycle path, and I would actually ride a bicycle if I thought it was safe for anybody. Not just for me, but for anybody to go around on the bicycle. But they use the car—cars use that bicycle path for a right turn lane. And with the kids going to school there, it’s just awful. And you say—I mean, it’s very dangerous, but nobody’s had an accident there, so they won’t do anything.”
Lee had an incident in which he, as a pedestrian, was struck by a cyclist. Since then, he experienced ongoing leg pain, negatively impacting the frequency and intensity of the activities he was able to engage in. Furthermore, the incident left the participant traumatized, as he expressed that he avoided certain areas of his neighborhood. Although these two men had unfortunate experiences with cycling and bike paths, Craig discussed the positive aspects of his neighborhood around the safety of bicycle paths. This participant cycled for leisure and discussed how his city was a positive and safe motivating factor in him being physically active. Figure 8 were taken by Craig reflecting bicycle safety.
Photographs taken by Craig during (A) walks and (B) cycling.
The four participants generally enjoyed the neighborhoods they lived in and felt comfortable walking outside. The proximity of amenities, the aesthetics, and the familiarity of the communities provided facilitating factors for the participants’ physical activity, whereas high-density neighborhoods and high-traffic areas may have posed challenges and barriers.
“You Do Need the Group Atmosphere at Times”
Personal experiences and social environments significantly influenced participants’ physical activity. For example, level of community involvement, extent to which help was needed, and social interaction were all factors influenced by the participants’ social situations and subsequently influenced physical activity levels.
Being involved in the community can significantly influence older men’s level of engagement with others. It can help motivate physical activity by promoting socialization, and it can give people a sense of connection and belonging to a group of people with similar interests. For example, Carl retained strong connections with a tennis club and its members, a club he was part of for 44 years. Although he was no longer physically capable of playing tennis, he still visited the tennis club several times a week to watch others play, to have a meal, or have a beer with friends. The tennis club was a significant part of Carl’s physical and social life that he continued to identify himself with; it is probable that this tennis club provided a sense of comfort and routine for him, as well as a source of motivation to get out in his community to continue to be involved.
Carl’s continued involvement with his tennis club perhaps provides linkages to the masculine values of competitive sport and social class, which he had carried across his life course. Tennis and tennis clubs in this participant’s area of residence can be quite expensive, and these interconnections likely denote him as well-resourced. Thus, White middle-class masculine ideals may be reflected in this participant’s advocacy for community and sports-club involvement.
Leonard maintained strong connections with his community, specifically in the form of a Seniors Recreation Center, where his main activity was carpet bowling. The social interaction aspect of the game was a significant component of the participant’s motivation to continue to attend the sessions. The members of the recreation center formed a close-knit group; during the game, members were very supportive of one another, while at the same time engaging in some friendly competition. Leonard was an advocate for community involvement; similar to Carl’s feelings around his tennis club, he stated the following about seniors’ centers:
In contrast to Carl’s tennis clubs, resources such as community centers are typically less expensive and are often subsidized. These findings reflect the importance of intersections between social class, community involvement, and physical activity patterns.
Craig was quite involved with his community; however, the specific activities he was involved in were due to the various challenges he described since “coming out” to his friends and family, leading to him getting divorced, losing communication with his son, and having to change his social circle and activities. He shared that he used to do quite a bit of boating and sailing but stopped since having to find a new group of friends; since then, he became involved in walking and hiking groups and built new social connections. Craig was involved with both the “Health Initiative for Men Program” which involved warm up exercises and light activity with other gay men, as well as “Out and About,” which was a gay men’s hiking group. The marginality of gay men within masculine hierarchies may have limited with whom and how this participant could socially connect in advancing age. This participant also had a history of depression; it was clear that his community involvement was especially important in promoting social interaction and for him, maintaining mental and emotional health while preventing further episodes of depression.
Lee was not quite as involved with the community and activity groups as the other men; however, he did make an effort. When asked what motivates him to get out into his community, he shared:
This participant’s motivation was rooted in a combination of knowing that physical activity would improve his mental and emotional health, as well as it being good for him physically. Unfortunately, his incident of being struck by a cyclist resulted in ongoing leg and knee issues, causing him to give up his hiking group, and the social connections associated with it. He wished he could have continued hiking but shared that he became too slow and could not keep up with the others in the group; he shared that he first signed up for this hiking group for the social interaction.
An important commonality present in each of the men’s community-based activities was socialization. However, despite discussing the importance of this factor, three of the men also associated women with being more social as they age.
Carl and Lee expressed similar opinions in that they referred to men as loners, and believed women were more socially active and more likely to have stronger and wider social networks as they aged.
Maintaining social networks and increased social interaction has commonly been reported as a feminine attribute, whereas independence, self-reliance, and solitary activities have been associated with masculine qualities and ideals (Charles & Carstensen, 2010; Courtenay, 2000; Smith et al., 2007). Although in some cases this may be true, there is some evidence in this research illustrating that there may be disconnects between what is expected of men by society as they age, and what is actually happening. For example, three of the men maintained social connections within their communities as they aged: Carl with the tennis club; Leonard with the Senior’s Center; and, especially Craig who maintained and even built new social networks after his divorce. Lee referred to himself as a “loner” but also shared that he is only “vaguely happy” with his social life. Perhaps the men are implying that it is “more difficult” for men to do this work of social connection, in that it does not come as naturally as it does for women. This positioning may also reflect a perceived ease and effortless that femininities afford, but a purposeful manly endeavor for men.
Discussions around programs also revealed that one of the key facilitators in joining a physical activity program was around social interaction, but within smaller groups rather than larger groups. Craig shared that he did not have much motivation for solo exercise with his statement “
The men appeared to share discourses around the blend of solitude and social connectedness, positioning them as independent and not entirely reliant on social connections
Discussion
Findings from this research allowed for the interpretation of men’s everyday activities and the gauging of what constitutes and contributes to older men’s physical activity. Participants were motivated to be physically active because it allowed them to independently accomplish daily tasks, and supported their physical and mental health and well-being. Physical activity also provided a sense of continuity; important routines and practices were evident in the participants’ current patterns of physical activity. A sense of satisfaction, purpose and comfort may stem from participants’ physical capacity to participate in activities they know and enjoy. Being out and about in their communities was a significant part of these men’s experiences with physical activity. Their physical activity was facilitated by neighborhood aesthetics, residential proximity to amenities, and their familiarity with the neighborhood. Highly populated neighborhoods and high traffic areas posed potential challenges to their physical activity and safety. Social environments and connections proved to be of utmost importance in men’s day-to-day lives. Continued involvement in their communities and maintaining strong connections with community groups such as seniors’ recreation centers, tennis clubs, and walking and hiking groups provided a sense of belonging and purpose. Although the men discussed being socially interactive as a feminine quality, it remained important to each participant in a different way. From the results, three suggestions are offered to inform development of targeted, community-based physical activity programs.
Focus on Programs That Meet the Unique Needs of Older Men
Older men are at risk of inactivity and functional decline as they age (Chaudhury et al., 2012); thus, participation in physical activity is essential for healthy aging. Societal expectations around gender may generate the belief that men are self-reliant and competently able to handle their own health. The participants appeared to welcome participation in programs that they believed would benefit their social–emotional and physical health. While the specific findings varied from one man to another, overall it appeared as though increased social interaction, strength-building, and regaining balance were the main facilitators for the participants joining physical activity programs, specifically for the men who were living with chronic conditions Most importantly, participants believed that as they aged, these factors would support their independence and capacity to engage in preferred activities. Thus, it is essential to consider the unique needs of older men when designing programs to build the strength and capacity needed for them to be independent enough to engage in their communities and to grow old in their own homes. One example of a successful community program is called Men’s Sheds. These peer-run community groups allow men to gather in safe and friendly environments, have been designed to prevent isolation, loneliness, and depression in retired men, enhance community involvement, and improve mental and physical health (Canadian Men’s Sheds Association [CMSA], 2017).
Consider the Influence of Men’s Physical and Social Environments
Participants spontaneously identified factors such as weather, quality and safety of sidewalks and crossings, and neighborhood density as important. Thus, programs should include outdoor components with these factors in mind. Program facilities need to be aesthetically appealing and accessible in safe and familiar neighborhoods. These same factors enhanced physical activity and motivation to get out in the community in previous reports (Van Cauwenberg et al., 2012).
Walking was the primary mode of transportation for the participants and in previous studies (Lockett et al., 2005; Van Cauwenberg et al., 2012). As transportation can be a major barrier to program participation and accessibility to facilities, older adults should be informed about transportation services as well as programs available to them in their communities (e.g., reduced transit fares and shared ride services). Although financial constrains often limit older adults’ access to programs (Rasinaho, Hirvensalo, Leinonen, Lintunen, & Rantanen, 2007), this was not of concern to the participants. Subsidized or low-cost programs led by volunteers may serve to eliminate this barrier.
Group-based activities enhance sense of belonging, enjoyment, and establish friendships; this in turn, provides motivation to continue engaging with physical activity (Franco et al., 2015). Although two men were happy as “loners,” there were different opinions about exercise group size versus solitary exercise in which all participants expressed some interest in social interaction as part of physical activity programs. Most effective programs for men reported previously were those that included regularly scheduled group activity, and individualized exercise plans supervised by personal trainers (Bottorff et al., 2015). The diverse views from this small sample suggest that mixed modes of program delivery promote program adherence and satisfaction.
For men, physical activities such as walking for travel, completing daily tasks, or recreating within one’s neighborhood is often part of daily life (Chaudhury et al., 2012). Health promotion programs for older men that also catalyze friendships may support relationship building within communities and engage men in group physical activity and daily tasks. Franco et al. (2015) discussed the value of social contact and familiar faces when performing physical activities. Social connection can be incorporated into programs by engaging participants in social events, fundraisers, through volunteer events and pub nights, and by connecting via email or newsletters (Effervescent Bubble, 2016).
Finally, research findings enhanced awareness of how men may think and feel about social interaction. Although the participants feminized social aspects of aging, they valued maintaining social connections as they aged. The men associated women with being more social as they age, but they themselves also maintained, and in some cases, even built new social networks as they aged. This finding reflects an apparent disconnect between what men say and what men do. Although they may hold traditional societal beliefs around gender-based social behavior, their personal behaviors may represent a more complex reality.
Use a Participatory Approach That Is (a) Strength-Based and Focused on What Older Men Are Physically Capable of Doing, and (b) Gender-Sensitized and Activity-Based
Effectiveness of interventions depends on intersections between gender, age, social and physical environments, and individual factors, among others (Bottorff et al., 2015). Yet, relatively few physical activity programs consider both age and gender in their design. Masculine values surfaced in the participants’ day-to-day activities, how they thought about aging, types of physical activities they engaged in, and their underlying motivation to be active. In their own unique ways, these men valued specific masculine traits which demonstrate the intersections between gender and aging (Smith et al., 2007). Thus, there is a need to consider these connections when designing targeted physical activity programs for older men.
Programs tailored to specific populations or groups were highly successful and accomplished what they were designed to do (Bottorff et al., 2015). Older men should be invited to actively participate in physical activity program planning such as contributing to a meaningful discussion around what types of activities, and goals, might motivate participants to join a program; these goals can then be met in the design of the program. The participants suggested a rich variety of activities they enjoy, and how these activities might be incorporated into a physical activity program. Activities included: strength training, walking, swimming, boating, dancing, lawn bowling, table tennis, and hiking. This reflects the importance of “choice” in program design, as each participant may have a personal preference as to what is meaningful to them, and what they are capable of doing given their health status and experience with chronic conditions. Successful programs might use a strength-based approach to focus on each person’s physical capacity, and an activity-based approach to offer activities that provide men purpose, enjoyment, and meaning.
Men’s past experiences with physical activity demonstrated the importance of routine and meaning. This, as well as previous, research (Franco et al., 2015) identified that maintaining habits was a significant motivational factor for physical activity in older adults. Successful programs for older men have been reported to incorporate activities that give men purpose throughout their lives such as building projects and tools. For example, the CMSA encourages men to socialize and engage in common interests such as woodworking projects, cooking, bike repairs, music, and watching sports (CMSA, 2017). Programs such as these connect the importance of routine, purpose, and social connectedness, while considering the influence of masculinities on aging men.
It is recognized that limitations of this study include using a small sample size of White, urban-dwelling (Vancouver, BC), generally healthy, physically functional, educated, and financially comfortable older men to examine physical activity.
Conclusion
The myriad health benefits of physical activity are well-known. However, factors associated with engaging older men in physical activity are poorly understood. Factors such as gender, age, the influence of physical and social environments, and health status all play a role and should be incorporated into a tailored (for population) design of health promotion interventions. Due to the limitation of a small, relatively homogenous, sample size, findings are not generalized to all men, however they may be of great value to older men in similar contexts. Future studies might address implementation with a larger sample of older men who reside in a broader range of geographic locations, and of different ethnicities. Although this research provides a glimpse, there remains a need to address the range of complex factors that compel older men to engage in physical activity.