The contemporary focus of crime reduction and community safety policies on youth crime, anti-social behaviour and forms of conventionally defined property and violent crime excludes many hazards, in particular those associated with economic and corporate crime, which, despite their considerable impact, have a contested `criminal' status and have not generally been considered relevant to community safety. Drawing on work on the impact of economic crime, this article will map out the economic and physical harms associated with a selected range of economic and business offences. It will also argue that they pose a threat to citizens' quality of life and will explore their relevance to community safety. It will include activities that involve physical dangers and intrusions of privacy in the home and others that have an impact on consumers, the local neighbourhood and the quality of life. It will conclude with an analysis of the extent to which these crimes can and should be incorporated into a broader construction of community safety.
Adams, L. and L. Bannerman (2005) `Gas Firm Fined £15 million for the Death of a Family', Herald, 26 August. www.theherald.co.uk/news/45795 (accessed 26 August 2005).
2.
Alvesalo, A., S. Tombs, E. Virta and D. Whyte (2006) `Re-Imagining Crime Prevention: Controlling Corporate Crime?', Crime, Law and Social Change45(1): 1-25.
3.
Barton, L. and T. Branigan (2004) `Chemical World: LIP SERVICE: Makers of Cosmetics and Toiletries Police the Safety of Their Own Products. That's Not Good Enough' , Guardian, 8 May, p. 27.
4.
Birmingham Post (2004) `ASDA Fined £5,000 After Claiming Anti Cancer Properties of Its Mangoes', Birmingham Post, 27 October, p. 7.
5.
Beirne, P. and N. South (eds) (2007) Issues in Green Criminology: Confronting Harms Against Environments, Humanity and Other Animals. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
6.
Biswell, K. (2004) `Consumers and Standards: Increasing Influence' , Consumer Policy Review14(6): 177-85.
7.
Blake, A. (2004) `300,000 Homeowners "Ripped off"', Western Mail (Cardiff), 23 April, p. 3.
8.
Box, S. (1983) Power, Crime and Mystification. London: Tavistock.
9.
Burden, R. (1998) Vulnerable Consumer Groups: Quantification and Analysis. Research Paper No. 15, prepared for the Office of Fair Trading. London: Office of Fair Trading.
10.
Byrne, S. and K. Pease (2003) `Crime Reduction and Community Safety', in T. Newburn (ed.) Handbook of Policing, pp. 286-310. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
11.
Coleman, R. (2003) `CCTV Surveillance, Power and Social Order: The State of Contemporary Social Control', in S. Tombs and D. Whyte (eds) Unmasking the Crimes of the Powerful, pp. 88-104. New York: Peter Lang Publishing.
12.
Coleman, R. (2004) Reclaiming the Streets: Surveillance, Social Control and the City. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
13.
Coleman, R., S. Tombs and D. Whyte (2005) `Capital, Crime Control and Statecraft in the Entrepreneurial City', Urban Studies42(13): 2511-30.
14.
Coleman, R., S. Tombs, J. Sim and D. Whyte (2002) `Power, Politics and Partnerships: The State of Crime Prevention on Merseyside', in A. Edwards and G. Hughes (eds) Crime Control and Community: The New Politics of Public Safety, pp. 86-108. Cullompton : Willan Publishing.
15.
Crawford, A. (2002) `The Governance of Crime and Insecurity in an Anxious Age: The Trans-European and the Local', in A. Crawford (ed.) Crime and Insecurity: The Governance of Safety in Europe, pp. 27-51. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
16.
Croall, H. (1991) `Sentencing the Business Offender', Howard Journal of Criminal Justice30(4): 280-92.
17.
Croall, H. (1998) `Business, Crime and the Community', International Journal of Risk, Security and Crime Prevention3(4): 281-92.
18.
Croall, H. (2001a) Understanding White Collar Crime. Buckingham: Open University Press.
19.
Croall, H. (2001b) `The Victims of White Collar Crime', in S. Lindgren (ed.) White Collar Crime Research: Old Views and Future Potentials, pp. 35-54. Sweden: National Council for Crime Prevention.
20.
Croall, H. (2004) Cheated and Poisoned: Exposing the Victims of Economic Crime. Stockholm: Report for Swedish Council of Crime Prevention (BRA).
21.
Croall, H. (2005a) `White Collar Crime', in A. Wardak and J. Sheptycki (eds) Transnational and Comparative Criminology, pp. 227-46. London: Cavendish, Glasshouse Press.
22.
Croall, H. (2005b) `Criminal Justice in the Devolved Scotland', in G. Mooney and G. Scott (eds) Exploring Social Policy in the `New' Scotland , pp. 177- 98. Bristol: Policy Press.
23.
Croall, H. (2006) `Criminal Justice in Post Devolutionary Scotland' , Critical Social Policy26(8): 587-607.
24.
Croall, H. (2007a) `Victims of White-Collar Crime', in P. Davies, C. Greer and P. Francis (eds) Victims, Crime and Society, pp. 78-108. London: Sage.
25.
Croall, H. (2007b) `Food Crime', in P. Beirne and N. South (eds) Issues in Green Criminology: Confronting Harms Against Environments, Humanity and Other Animals, pp. 206-29. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
26.
Croall, H. and J. Ross (2002) `Sentencing the Corporate Offender: Legal and Social Issues', in N. Hutton and C. Tata (eds) Sentencing and Society, pp. 528-47. Aldershot: Ashgate.
27.
Doig, A. (2006) Fraud. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
28.
Dube, S. (2005) `Polluting Farmer Fined £20,000 as 2,100 Fish Die' , Western Mail, 18 October, p. 12.
29.
Edwards, A. and G. Hughes (2005) `Editorial', Theoretical Criminology9(3): 259-63.
30.
Edwards. R. (2006) `Another Beach Tainted with Radioactivity', Sunday Herald, 12 November. http://www.robedwards.com/2006/11/another_beach_t.html (accessed 13 February 2009).
31.
Elliot, V. (2004) `Slamming the Door in Salesman's Faces', The Times, 13 May, p. 3.
32.
Evans, R., A. Power and F. Laurence (2005) `Dirt, Droppings and Decay: The State of Many Kitchens' , The Guardian, 14 September. www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/sep/14/freedomofinformation.politics
33.
Friedrichs, D. (2007) Trusted Criminals: White Collar Crime in Contemporary Society. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth .
34.
Gilling, D. (2001) `Community Safety and Social Policy', European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research9(4): 381-400.
35.
Helms, G. (2003) `Towards Safe City Centres? Remaking the Spaces of an Old-Industrial City', unpublished PhD, University of Glasgow.
36.
Hickman, M. (2005) `Southern Electric Aimed to Recruit "Chancers" for Doorstep Selling', Independent, 1 November, p. 9.
37.
Hillyard, P., C. Pantazis, S. Tombs and D. Gordon (2005) Beyond Criminology: Taking Harm Seriously. London: Pluto Press.
38.
Hughes, G. (2002a) `Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnerships: The Future of Community Safety', in G. Hughes , E. McLaughlin and J. Muncie (eds) Crime Prevention and Community Safety: New Directions, pp. 123-41. London: Sage.
39.
Hughes, G. (2002b) `Plotting the Rise of Community Safety: Critical Reflections on Research, Theory and Politics', in G. Hughes and A. Edwards (eds) Crime, Control and Community: The New Politics of Public Safety, pp. 20-46. Cullompton : Willan Publishing.
40.
Korsell, L. (2002) `Economic Crime', in Crime Trends in Sweden 1998-2000. Stockholm: National Council for Crime Prevention.
41.
Lawrence, F. (2004a) Not on the Label! What Really Goes into the Food on Your Plate. London: Penguin Books .
42.
Lawrence, F. (2004b) `Supermarkets Criticised over Water in Fresh Pork' , Guardian, 16 July. http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2004/jul/16/supermarkets.foodanddrink
43.
Lister, S. (2005) `Secrets and Lies of Beauty Industry Laid Bare by Advertising Watchdog', The Times, 11 May. www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article521097.ece
44.
Lynch, M. and P. Stretesky (2003) `The Meaning of Green: Contrasting Criminological Perspectives', Theoretical Criminology7(2): 217-38.
45.
McBarnet, D. (2006) `After Enron Will "Whiter Than White Collar Crime" Still Wash?', British Journal of Criminology46(6): 1091-110.
46.
McLaughlin, E. (2002) `The Crisis of the Social and the Political Materialisation of Community Safety', in G. Hughes, E. McLaughlin and J. Muncie (eds) Crime Prevention and Community Safety: New Directions , pp. 77-100. London: Sage.
47.
McMullan, John and Melissa McClung (2006) `The Media, the Politics of Truth and the Coverage of Corporate Violence: The Westray Disaster and the Public Inquiry', Critical Criminology14(1): 67-86.
48.
MacRory, R. (2006) Making Sanctions Effective. Final Report. London: HM Treasury, HMSO.
49.
Menaud, M. (2006) `Tyre Protestors Hit at Deadline "Sham"', Coventry Evening Telegraph 2 December, p. 5.
50.
Millstone, E. and T. Lang (2003) The Atlas of Food. London: Earthscan Books.
51.
Nelken, D. (2007) `White Collar Crime', in M. Maguire, R. Morgan and R. Reiner (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology , 4th edn, pp. 733-70. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
52.
Office of Fair Trading (2006) Fair Trading, Magazine, issue 44, July, pp. 4 and 15.
53.
Pearce, F. (1992) `The Contribution of "Left Realism" to the Study of Commercial Crime', in B. McLean and J. Lowman (eds) Realist Criminology: Crime Control and Policing in the 1990s, pp. 313-35. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
54.
Pease, K. (2002) `Crime Reduction', in M. Maguire, R. Morgan and R. Reiner (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology , 2nd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
55.
Rospa (2005) Product Safety-Problem Solved? PS-Not?www.rospa.com/productsafety/articles/problemsolved.htm (accessed July 2005).
56.
Rowan, D. and J. Kellow (2004) `Pack of Porky Pies', The Times , 20 March, p. 16.
57.
Ruggiero, V. (1996) Organized and Corporate Crime in Europe: Offers That Can't Be Refused. Aldershot: Dartmouth.
58.
Sayid, R. (2005) `Doorstep Sales', Daily Mirror , 27 July, p. 36.
59.
Sentencing Advisory Panel, England and Wales ( 2007) Consultation Paper on Sentencing for Corporate Manslaughter . London: Sentencing Advisory Panel . Available at www.sentencing-guidelines.gov.uk/docs/ (accessed 12 August 2008).
60.
Slapper, G. and S. Tombs (1999) Corporate Crime. London: Addison Wesley Longman.
61.
Snider, L. (1991) `The Regulatory Dance: Understanding Reform Processes in Corporate Crime', International Journal of the Sociology of Law19: 209-36.
62.
South, N. (1998) `Corporate and State Crimes Against the Environment: Foundations for a Green Perspective in European Criminology', in V. Ruggiero, N. South and I. Taylor (eds) The New European Criminology: Crime and Social Order in Europe, pp. 443-61. London & New York.
63.
Stenson, K. (2005) `Sovereignty, Biopolitics and the Local Government of Crime in Britain', Theoretical Criminology9(3): 265-87.
64.
Sutherland, Edwin H. (1945) `Is "White Collar Crime" Crime?', American Sociological Review10(2): 132-9.
65.
Sutherland, E. (1949) White Collar Crime. New York : Holt, Reinhart & Winston.
66.
Thomas, P. (2001) Cleaning Yourself to Death. Dublin: Newleaf.
67.
Tilley, N. (2005) `Preface', in N. Tilley (ed.) Handbook of Crime Prevention and Community Safety, pp. xxv-xxvi. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
68.
Tombs, S. (1999) `Health and Safety Crimes: (In)visibility and the Problems of "Knowing"', in P. Davies, P. Francis and V. Jupp (eds) Invisible Crimes: Their Victims and Their Regulation , pp. 77-104. London: Macmillan.
69.
Tombs, S. and D. Whyte (2003) `Scrutinising the Powerful: Crime, Contemporary Political Economy and Critical Social Research', in S. Tombs and D. Whyte (eds) Unmasking the Crimes of the Powerful, pp. 3-48. New York: Peter Lang Publishing.
70.
Tombs, S. and D. Whyte (2006) `Community Safety and Corporate Crime', in P. Squires (ed.) Community Safety: Critical Perspectives on Policy and Practice, pp. 155-68. Bristol : Policy Press.
71.
Tombs, S. and D. Whyte (2007) Safety Crime. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
72.
Uhlig, R. (2004) `Farmhouse Fresh? It's More Likely to Have Been Produced on an Industrial Estate: Government Watchdog Accuses Supermarkets and Manufacturers of Duping Shoppers with Misleading Labels', Daily Telegraph, 12 February, p. 4.
73.
Van Swaaningen, R. (2005) `Public Safety and the Management of Fear', Theoretical Criminology9(3): 289-305.
74.
Walklate, S. (2006) `Community Safety and Victims: Who Is the Victim of Community Safety?', in P. Squires (ed.) Community Safety: Critical Perspectives on Policy and Practice , pp. 169-80. Bristol: Policy Press.
Whyte, D. (2004a) `Punishing Anti-Social Business', New Law Journal, 154: 3 September: 1293.
82.
Whyte, D. (2004b) `All That Glitters Isn't Gold: Environmental Crimes and the Production of Local Criminological Knowledge', Crime Prevention and Community Safety6(1): 53-63.
83.
Williams, R. (2007) `Cadbury Fined £1m for Salmonella Offences', Guardian, 17 July. www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2007/jul/17/uk.business (accessed 10 December 2008).
84.
Woods, J. (2005) `Is Make-up Making You Sick? Britain's £6 Billion Cosmetics and Toiletries Industry Is Facing Calls to Tighten Up Safeguards on Its Chemical Ingredients. Just How Safe Are Our Lipsticks and Moisturisers, Asks Judith Woods', Daily Telegraph, 18 March, p. 022.
85.
Wright, John P., Francis T. Cullen and Michael B. Blankenship (1995) `The Social Construction of Corporate Violence: Media Coverage of the Imperial Food Products Fire' , Crime and Delinquency41(1): 20-36.
