This article argues that Johan Galtung’s theory on peace journalism can serve as a fruitful supplement to theory-building in the field of war and peace journalism, and critically reviews the scholarly debate on peace journalism. By using examples from Norwegian media coverage of the war in Afghanistan and examples of research on the Norwegian media coverage of the war, the author argues that Galtung’s theory on peace journalism can also serve as a useful platform for teaching and journalism training in the field of conflict and war reporting.
Bakkeli, T. ( 2007) Norges hemmelige krigere. Kommandosoldater i kamp mot terror (Norway’s Secret Warriors. Special Forces in Battle against Terror). Oslo: Kagge forlag .
2.
Becker, J. and M. Beham ( 2008) Operation Balkan: Werbung für Krieg und Tod (Operation Balkan: Advertising for War and Death). Baden-Baden: Nomos.
3.
Entman, R.M. ( 1993) ‘Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm’ , Journal of Communication43(4): 51-8.
4.
Fairclough, N. ( 1995) Critical Discourse Analysis. London : Longman.
5.
Galtung, J. ( 1971) ‘A Structural Theory on Imperialism’, Journal of Peace Research8(2): 81-117.
6.
Galtung, J. ( 1990) ‘Cultural Violence’, Journal of Peace Research27(3): 91-105.
7.
Galtung, J. ( 2002) ‘Peace Journalism - A Challenge’, in W. Kempf et al. (eds) Journalism and the New World Order, Vol. 2. Studying the War and the Media, pp. 260-80. Gothenburg: Nordicom.
8.
Hackett, R.A. ( 2006) ‘Is Peace Journalism Possible? Three Frameworks for Assessing Structure and Agency in News Media’, Conflict & Communication 5(2), online. URL (consulted June 2009): http://www.cco.regener-online.de/2006_2/pdf/hackett.pdf
9.
Hackett, R.A. and B. Schroeder ( 2008) ‘Does Anybody Practice Peace Journalism? A Cross-National Comparison of Press Coverage of the Afghanistan and Israeli-Hezbollah Wars’ , Peace and Policy13(1): 26-47.
10.
Hanitzsch, T. ( 2007) ‘Situating Peace Journalism in Journalism Studies: A Critical Appraisal’, Conflict & Communication6(2), online. URL (consulted June 2009): http://www.cco.regener-online.de/
11.
Haug, C. ( 2007) ‘Krigens uverdige ofre. En komparativ analyse av norske og amerikanske avisers dekning av angrepet på Afghanistan (The Unworthy Victims of War. A Comparative Analysis of Norwegian and US Newspapers’ Coverage of the Attack on Afghanistan)’, Masters thesis, Institute for Media and Communications, University of Oslo.
12.
Isikoff, M. and D. Corn ( 2006) Hubris: The Inside Story of Spin, Scandal, and the Selling of the Iraq War. New York: Crown Publishers.
13.
Kempf, W. ( 2007a) ‘Two Experiments Focusing on De-escalation Oriented Coverage of PostWar Conflicts’, in D. Shinar and W. Kempf (eds) Peace Journalism: The State of the Art, pp. 136-60. Berlin: Regener.
14.
Kempf, W. ( 2007b) ‘Peace Journalism: A Tightrope Walk between Advocacy Journalism and Constructive Conflict Coverage’, in Conflict & Communication6(2), online. URL (consulted June 2009): http://www.cco.regener-online.de/
15.
Lewis, C. and M. Reading-Smith ( 2008) Iraq: The War Card. New York: Center for Public Integrity.
16.
Loyn, D. ( 2007) ‘Good Journalism or Peace Journalism’, Conflict & Communication6(2), online. URL (consulted June 2009): http://www.cco.regener-online.de/
17.
Lynch, J. ( 2007) ‘Peace Journalism and Its Discontents’, Conflict & Communication6(2), online. URL (consulted June 2009): http://www.cco.regener-online.de/
18.
Lynch, J. ( 2008) Debates in Peace Journalism. Sydney : Sydney University Press.
19.
Lynch, J. and A. McGoldrick ( 2005) Peace Journalism. Stroud: Hawthorne Press.
20.
Mandelzis, L. and S. Peleg ( 2008) ‘War Journalism as Media Manipulation: Seesawing between the Second Lebanon War and the Iranian Nuclear Threat’, Peace and Policy13(1): 62-73.
21.
McNair, B. ( 2006) Cultural Chaos. New York: Routledge.
22.
Moen, G.M. ( 2009) ‘Afghanistan through Norwegian Lenses’, Masters thesis, Department of Political Science, University of Oslo.
23.
Nohrstedt, S.A. ( 2009) ‘New War Journalism: Trends and Challenges’ , Nordicom Review30(1): 95-112.
24.
Nohrstedt, S.A. and R. Ottosen ( 2008) ‘Brothers in Arms or Peace? The Media Images of Swedish and Norwegian Defence and Military Policy’, Conflict & Communication9(2), online (forthcoming).
25.
Ottosen, R. ( 2004) I journalistikkens grenseland. Journalistrollen mellom marked og idealer (On the Borderline of Journalism: The Role of Journalists between Market and Ideals). Kristiansand: IJ/Høyskoleforlaget.
26.
Ottosen, R. ( 2005) ‘The Norwegian Media Image of the War in Afghanistan: Peacekeeping or Aggression?’, Nordicom Review26(1): 95-111.
27.
Ottosen, R. ( 2007) ‘Emphasizing Images in Peace Journalism: A Case Study from Norway’s Biggest Newspaper’, in D. Shinar and W. Kempf (eds) Peace Journalism: The State of the Art. Berlin: Regener.
28.
Ottosen, R. ( 2008) ‘Video Games as War Propaganda: Can Peace Journalism Offer an Alternative Approach?’, Peace and Policy13(1): 73-86.
29.
Ottosen, R. ( 2009) VG, Saddam og vi. Et kritisk blikk på nyhetsdekning av kriger og konflikter. Kristansand: IJ/Høyskoleforlaget.
30.
Peleg, S. ( 2007) ‘In Defense of Peace Journalism: A Rejoinder’ , Conflict & Communication6(2), online. URL (consulted June 2009): http://www.cco.regener-online.de/
31.
Ross, Susan D. ( 2008) ‘Peace Journalism: A Focused Bibliography’ , Peace and Policy13(1): 114-18.
32.
Rossland, I.E. ( 2006) ‘Den norske militær godteposen. En analyse av Aftenpsotens dekning av Norges deltagels i krigen i Afghanistan (The Norwegian Military’s Candy Bag. An Analysis of Aftenposten’s Coverage of Norway’s Participation in the War in Afghanistan)’, Hovedfagsrapport series2006, no. 10, OsloUniversity College.
33.
Senthan, S. ( 2008) War vs. Peace Discourse: The Press and the Peace in Sri Lanka. Colombo: Center for the Study of Human Rights, University of Colombo.
34.
Sjøvaag, H. ( 2005) ‘Attached or Detached? Subjective Methods in War Journalism’, Masters thesis submitted to the Department of Information Science and Media Studies, University of Bergen.
35.
Tehranian, M. ( 2002) ‘Peace Journalism: Negotiating Global Media Ethics’, Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, Disorders of Discourse7(2): 58-83.
36.
Thussu, D. ( 2000) International Communications: Continuity and Change. London: Arnold.
37.
Tvedt, T. ( 2003) Utviklingshjelp, utenrikspolitikk og makt: Den norske modellen (Development Aid, Foreign Policy and Power. The Norwegian Model) . Oslo: Gyldendal norsk forlag.
38.
Van Dijk, T.A. ( 1988) News Analysis: Case studies of International and National News in the Press. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
39.
Von der Lippe, Berit ( 1991) ‘Surgical Warfare or Surgical Media Coverage’ , in J Johnsen and T. Mathiesen (eds) Media War: Focus on the Mass Media Coverage of the Gulf War. Oslo: Cappelen forlag.
40.
Wodak, R.( 1996) Disorders of Discourse. London: Longman.
