The essential oil obtained from the branches and leaves of Clausena indica (Dalz) Oliv. (Rutaceae) has been analyzed by GC/MS. Fifty-three components of the essential oil, representing 96.9% of the total amount, were identified. The main constituents were myristicin (35.3%), terpinolene (16.7%), and δ-3-carene (11.3%). The essential oil was screened for antimicrobial activity, showing positive results against some bacterial strains. Moreover, a comparison between constituents of C. indica essential oil with the ones reported in the literature for other Clausena ssp. is pointed out and some chemotaxonomic considerations have been identified.
EnglerA. (1931) Rutaceae. In Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, 2. Aufl., 19a.EnglerA, PrantlK. (Eds). Engelmann, Leipzig, Germany. 187–359
2.
Da SilvaMFGF, GottliebOR, EhrendorferF. (1988) Chemosystematics of Rutaceae: suggestions for a more natural taxonomy and evolutionary interpretation of the family. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 161, 97–134.
3.
ChaseMW, MortonCM, KallunkiJA. (1999) Phylogenetic relationships of Rutaceae: a cladistic analysis of the subfamilies using evidence from rbcL and atpB sequence variation. American Journal of Botany, 86, 1191–1199.
4.
SwingleWT, ReecePC. (1967) The botany of Citrus and its wild relatives. In The Citrus industry, history world distribution, botany and varieties, Vol. 1, ReuterW, WeberHJ, BatchelorLD (Eds). University of California Press, Berkley, USA. 190–430
5.
CarpenterJB, ReecePC. (1969) Catalog of genera, species, and subordinate taxa in the red orange subfamily Aurantioidae (Rutaceae). Department of Agriculture, Research Service, Crops Research, Beltsville, Maryland, USA.
6.
Pham HoangH. (2003) Plants in Vietnam (An Illustrated Flora of Vietnam). Vol. 2, 2nd Edition, Publishing House “Young”, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. 429
7.
Vo VanC. (1996) Dictionary of Vietnamese Medicinal Plants. Publishing House “Medicine”, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. 537.
JoshiBS, GawadDH, WilliamsDJ. (1975) Structure of clausantalene, a new sesquiterpene from Clausena indica. Experientia, 31, 138–139.
10.
JoshiBS, KamatVN, GawadDH. (1974) Structure of clausindine, a new coumarin from Clausena indica. Experientia, 30, 223
11.
JoshiBS, GawadDH. (1971) Isolation of some furanocoumarins from Clausena indica and identity of chalepensin with xylotenin. Phytochemistry, 10, 480–481
NaZ. (2006) Chemical components of essential oil in Clausena excavata leaves. Xibei Zhiwu Xuebao, 26, 193–196
16.
LeTMH, TranDT, NguyenXD. (2006) Chemical composition of the essential oil from Clausena excavata Burm. f. collected in Nghe An. Tap Chi Duoc Hoc, 46, 6–9
17.
LeclercqPA, DungNX, ThinNN. (1994) Constituents of the leaf oil of Vietnamese Clausena excavata Burm.f. Journal of Essenial. Oil Research, 6, 99–100.
18.
ZhaoY, PengN, ZhongY. (2004) Chemical composition of the essential oils of Clausena lansium from Hainan Island, China. Journal of Biosciences, 59, 153–156
19.
PinoJA, MarbotR, FuentesV. (2006) Aromatic plants from western Cuba IV. Composition of the leaf oils of Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels and Swinglea glutinosa (Blanco) Merr. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 18, 139–141.
20.
NaZ. (2006) Chemical constituents of leaf essential oils from of Clausena dunniana, Clausena lansium, and Clausena lenis. Shengwuzhi Huaxue Gongcheng, 40, 19–22.
21.
MolinoJ-F. (2000) The inheritance of leaf oil composition in Clausena anisum-olens (Blanco) Merr. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 12, 135–139
22.
NathSC, BordoloiDN. (1992) Major components of the leaf and fruit oil of Clausena heptaphylla W&A growing in northeast India. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 4, 655–656
23.
NathSC, HazarikaAK, SarmaKK. (1996) Chemical composition of the leaf and fruit oil of Clausena heptaphylla W&A from Northeast India. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 8, 197–198
24.
LockwoodGB. (1984) The essential oil from leaves of Clausena heptaphylla. Fitoterapia, 55, 123–124.
25.
KafukuK, KatoR. (1934) Volatile oil of the leaf of Clausena lunulata Hayata. Nippon Kagaku Kaishi, 55, 221–223.
26.
MoudachirouM, AyedounMA, GbenouJ, GarneauF-X, KoumagloKH, Mensah-AddaeI. (1997) Chemical composition of essential oils from the leaves of Clausena anisata from Ghana, Benin and Togo. Journal de la Societe Ouest-Africaine de Chimie, 2, 49–54
GarneauF-X, PichetteA, GagnonH, JeanF-I, Addae-MensahI, Osei-SafuD, AsomaningWA, Oteng-YeboahA, MoudachirouM, KoumagloKH (2000) (E)- and (Z)-foeniculin, constituents of the leaf oil of a new chemovariety of Clausena anisata. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 12, 757–762
29.
EkundayoO, OguntimeinBO, HammerschmidtFJ. (1986) Constituents of the essential oil of Clausena anisata leaves. Planta Medica, 6, 505–506
30.
OkunadeAL, OlaifaJI. (1987) Estragole: an acute toxic principle from the volatile oil of the leaves of Clausena anisata. Journal of Natural Products, 50, 990–991
31.
MeyerTM. (1947) The essential oil from the leaves of Clausena anisata. Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas et de la Belgique, 66, 395–400.
32.
NgassoumMB, JirovetzL, BuchbauerG, SchmausG, HammerschmidtF-J. (1999) Chemical composition and olfactory evaluation of the essential oils of leaves and seeds of Clausena anisata (Willd.) J.D. Hook. ex. Benth. from Cameroon. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 11, 231–237.
33.
GundidzaM, ChinyanganyaF, ChagondaL, De PooterHL, MaviS. (1994) Phytoconstituents and antimicrobial activity of the leaf essential oil of Clausena anisata (Willd.) J.D. Hook ex. Benth. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 9, 299–303.
34.
AdamsRP. (1995) Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Allured: Carol Stream, IL, USA
35.
DaviesNW. (1990) Gas chromatographic retention indices of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes on methyl silicone and Carbowax 20M phases. Journal of Chromatography, 50, 1–24
36.
JenningsW, ShibamotoT. (1980) Qualitative Analysis of Flavour and Fragrance Volatiles by Glass Capillary Chromatography. Academic Press, New York, USA
37.
MassadaY. (1976) Analysis of Essential Oils by Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry. J. Wiley & Sons, New York, USA
38.
StenhagenE, AbrahamssonS, McLaffertyFW. (1974) Registry of Mass Spectral Data. J. Wiley & Sons, New York, USA
39.
SwigarAA, SilversteinRM. (1981) Monoterpenes.Aldrich Chem. Comp., Milwaukee, USA.
40.
Vanden BergheDA, VlietinckAJ. (1991) In Methods in Plants Biochemistry. DeyPM, HarborneJB. (Eds) Academic Press, London, UK, 47–69.
