Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Inferior vena cava (IVC) filters have been widely used to prevent pulmonary emboli in patients with venous thromboembolism but who have a contraindication to anticoagulation. Complications associated with IVC filter placement include erosion of the IVC, filter migration, and symptomatic IVC obstruction. Migration to the right side of the heart and beyond has been reported at varying times after implant.1,2 Complete heart block due to filter struts migration to the right side of the heart, however, has not been reported. We report the first case of complete heart block with tricuspid regurgitation due to fracture and embolization of an IVC filter.
Case
A frail 66-year-old morbidly obese man presented to the emergency room with acute onset dyspnea. He was found to be in complete atrioventricular block and a wide complex escape rhythm. The patient had hypertension, type 2 diabetes, stage 3 chronic kidney failure, and chronic edema. He also had an IVC filter placed prior to gastric surgery in 2001 due to a pulmonary embolus. Cardiac enzymes were found to be normal as were basic labs except for chronic mild anemia and elevated creatinin kinase.
Chest x-ray revealed an atypical pattern of linear densities extending from the spine to the left chest (Figure 1). A transthoracic echocardiogram demonstrated echodense material present in the right ventricle (RV) and tricuspid regurgitation (Figure 2). Cardiothoracic surgery was consulted, and after reviewing the findings and discussions with the patient, it was felt that the patient’s frail condition, the chronicity of the embolized struts, and their location within the heart represented an elevated risk for open surgical extraction. The decision was made to implant a dual-chamber permanent pacemaker to address the complete heart block. At the time of the pacemaker implant, the filter fragments were noted, some moving with the cardiac silhouette. The RV lead was advanced with difficulty due to significant tricuspid value regurgitation. The atrial lead was placed without issue.
Initial chest x-ray image of the chest.
Echocardiogram image showing dense material at the tricuspid valve leaflets (red arrow).
Discussion and conclusion
The initial x-ray fluoroscopy and transthoracic echocardiogram are shown in Figures 1 and 2. Prior to pacemaker implantation, a cine image of the filter revealed IVC filter fracture with embolization of all struts to the heart (Figure 3(a)). We believe that the embolized filter fragments had migrated chronically into the tricuspid valve and the right atrium. A multidisciplinary discussion with the patient reached the consensus that an open extraction of the fragments represented too high a risk and the patient elected for the pacemaker implant only. Unfortunately, there is no way of knowing that the fragments will not migrate further and cause further injury. There was clear impingement of the struts on the anterior and posterior aspects of the tricuspid valve extending into the RV. The IVC filter struts did not move during or after the device lead implants as observed on fluoroscopy (Figure 3(b)).
(a) Fractured and immobilized IVC filter struts in the right side of the heart and across the tricuspid valve and (b) post-pacemaker implant image showing no change to the filter strut position.
The embolized struts damaged this patient’s tricuspid valve and his conduction system leading to complete atrioventricular block and the aforementioned valve dysfunction. The rates of filter retrieval remain low even in patients who no longer have an indication for the filter or contraindication to anticoagulation. 3
After receiving reports of adverse events related to the IVC filters, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released a safety communication update in 2014. The recommendation is that “… implanting physicians and clinicians responsible for the ongoing care of patients with retrievable IVC filters consider removing the filter as soon as protection from pulmonary embolism is no longer needed.” The FDA is concerned that retrievable IVC filters are not always removed once the risk of pulmonary emboli subsides allowing for the possibility of device complications. In order to facilitate the decision-making process for dealing with these devices, the agency developed a quantitative decision analysis published in the