Based on pioneering consideration in the Humanities and Social Sciences domain, research on the use of guilt appeals in communication has expanded in the marketing field. Advertisers regularly use guilt-inducing messages, but contradictory results regarding their effects have been found in the literature. This article proposes a conceptual model to increase understanding of the operating modes of guilt appeals and to improve their effectiveness.
AgrawalNDuhachekA (2010) Emotional compatibility and the effectiveness of antidrinking messages: A defensive processing perspective on shame and guilt. Journal of Marketing Research42(2): 263−273.
ArènesJ (2009) Retrouver le goût de la culpabilité. In: AlexandreJArènesJBordeynePet al. (eds) Réinventer la culpabilité. Paris: Editions Parole et Silence, pp. 141–156.
4.
BagozziRPMooreDJ (1994) Public service advertisements: Emotions and empathy guide prosocial behavior. Journal of Marketing58(1): 56–70.
5.
BasilDZRidgwayNMBasilMD (2006) Guilt appeals: The moderating effect of responsibility. Psychology and Marketing23(12): 1035–1054.
6.
BasilDZRidgwayNMBasilMD (2008) Guilt and giving: A process model of empathy and efficacy. Psychology and Marketing25(1): 1–23.
7.
BatraRRayML (1986) Affective responses mediating acceptance of advertising. Journal of Consumer Research13(2): 234–249.
8.
BaumeisterRFReisHTDelespaulPAEG (1995) Subjective and experiential correlates of guilt in daily life. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin21(12): 1256–1268.
9.
BaumeisterRFStillwellAMHeathertonTF (1994) Guilt: An interpersonal approach. Psychological Bulletin115(2): 243–267.
10.
BécheurIValette-FlorenceP (2014) The use of negative emotions in health communication messages: Study of the effects of fear, guilt, and shame. Recherche et Applications en Marketing (English edition) 29(4): 89–109.
11.
BennettR (1998) Shame, guilt and responses to non-profit and public sector ads. International Journal of Advertising17(4): 483–499.
12.
BertheB (2011) Le sentiment de culpabilité au travail et les sciences humaines. La richesse d’une ancienne relation. Paris: L’Harmattan.
13.
BozinoffLGhingoldM (1983) Evaluating guilt arousing marketing communications. Journal of Business Research11(2): 243–255.
14.
BrehmJW (1966) A Theory of Psychological Reactance. New York: Academic Press.
15.
BrehmJW (1989) Psychological reactance: Theory and applications. NA: Advances in Consumer Research16: 72–75.
16.
BrennanLBinneyW (2010) Fear, guilt and shame appeals in social marketing. Journal of Business Research63(2): 140–146.
17.
BurnettMSLunsfordDA (1994) Conceptualizing guilt in the consumer decision-making process. Journal of Consumer Marketing11(3): 33–43.
18.
CapelliSSabadieWTrendelO (2012) Using humor or fear appeal: The moderating role of the source’s attractiveness and the source’s communication habits in an electoral campaign. Recherche et Applications en Marketing(English edition) 27(2): 21–43.
19.
CarlsmithJMGrossAE (1969) Some effects of guilt on compliance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology11(3): 232–239.
20.
ChangCT (2011) Guilt appeals in cause-related marketing, the subversive roles of product type and donation magnitude. International Journal of Advertising30(4): 587–616.
21.
ChangCT (2012) Are guilt appeals a panacea in green advertising? The right formula of issue proximity and environmental consciousness. International Journal of Advertising31(4): 741–771.
22.
ChédotalC (2011) Le rôle de la culpabilité dans le marketing de la collecte de fonds: Influence sur le comportement de don des particuliers. Doctoral Thesis, Université Paris-Dauphine, Paris.
23.
CialdiniRBDarbyBLVincentJE (1973) Transgression and altruism: A case for hedonism. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology9(6): 502–516.
24.
CotteJCoulterRAMooreM (2005) Enhancing or disrupting guilt: The role of ad credibility and perceived manipulative intent. Journal of Business Research58(3): 361–368.
25.
CoulterRHPintoMB (1995) Guilt appeals in advertising: What are their effects?Journal of Applied Psychology80(6): 697–705.
26.
De PeyrelongueB (2011) Le rôle de la culpabilité ressentie dans le consentement à payer: Application aux achats pour l’enfant et à l’achat de produits alimentaires bio. Doctoral Thesis, Université de Bourgogne, Paris.
27.
DerbaixCPhamMT (1989) Pour un développement des mesures de l’affectif en marketing: Synthèse des pré-requis. Recherche et Applications en Marketing4(4): 71–87.
28.
DivardR (2013) Comprendre les comportements non éthiques du consommateur: Les apports de la théorie de la neutralisation. Management et Avenir2(60): 53–73.
29.
DroulersOLajanteM (2014) Intérêt de l’approche psychophysiologique pour une étude globale des processus émotionnels. In: PoncinIHermannJL (eds) Les réactions affectives du consommateur. Ces raisons du cœur que la raison ignore. Louvain-la-Neuve: Presses Universitaires de Louvain, pp. 39–72.
30.
DuhachekAAgrawalNHanD (2012) Guilt versus shame: Coping, fluency, and framing in the effectiveness of responsible drinking messages. Journal of Marketing Research49(6): 928–941.
31.
ElgaaiedL (2012) Exploring the role of anticipated guilt on pro-environmental behavior, a suggested typology of residents in France based on their recycling behavior. Journal of Consumer Marketing29(5): 369–377.
32.
EmdeRNOppenheimDGuedeneyA (2002) La honte, la culpabilité et le drame œdipien: Considérations développementales à propos de la moralité et de la référence aux autres. Devenir24(14): 335–362.
33.
EngelLFergusonT (1992) La culpabilité pour en finir avec la culpabilité et l’autopunition. Montréal: Le Jour (reedited in 2006: Ces gens qui se sentent coupables. Montréal: Les éditions de l’homme).
34.
FreudS (1992) Malaise dans la civilisation. Paris: PUF.
35.
FreudS (1994) Essais de psychanalyse. Paris: Payot.
36.
Gallopel-MorvanK (2006) L’utilisation de la peur dans un contexte de marketing social. Recherche et Applications en Marketing21(4): 41–60.
37.
GiannelloniJLLe NagardE (2015) La mesure des émotions par la complémentarité des outils: Perspectives nouvelles. Décisions Marketing79(3): 5–13.
38.
GoldbergJ (1985) La culpabilité axiome de la psychanalyse. Paris: PUF.
39.
GraillotL (1998) Emotions et comportement du consommateur. Recherche et Applications en Marketing13(1): 5–23.
40.
GuttmanNSalmonCT (2004) Guilt, fear, stigma and knowledge gaps: Ethical issues in public health communication interventions. Bioethics18(6): 531–552.
41.
Guyot-GansF (1995) Trois approches de la culpabilité. Annales Médico-Psychologiques153(9): 581–594.
42.
HanDDuhachekAAgrawalN (2014) Emotions shape decisions through construal level: The case of guilt and shame. Journal of Consumer Research41(4): 1047–1064.
43.
Helme-GuizonAOttmannM (2010) Génération Y et marketing, évolution ou révolution?Décisions Marketing59: 83–86.
44.
HesnardA (1949) L’univers morbide de la faute. Paris: PUF.
45.
HibbertSSmithADaviesAet al. (2007) Guilt appeals: Persuasion knowledge and charitable giving. Psychology and Marketing24(8): 723–742.
46.
HigginsET (1997) Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist52(12): 1280–1300.
47.
HoffmanML (1982) Development of prosocial motivation: Empathy and guilt. In: EisenbergN (ed.) The Development of Prosocial Behavior. London: Academic Press, pp. 281–311.
48.
HuhmannBABrothertonTP (1997) A content analysis of guilt appeals in popular magazine advertisements. Journal of Advertising26(2): 35–45.
49.
HullettCR (2004) Using functional theory to promote sexually transmitted disease (STD) testing: The impact of value-expressive messages and guilt. Communication Research31(4): 363–396.
50.
IzardCE (1977) Human Emotions. New York: Plenum Press.
51.
JanisIL (1967) Effects of fear-arousal on attitude change: Recent developments in theory and experimental research. In: BerkowitzL (ed.) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. New York: Academic Press, pp. 166–224.
52.
JimenezMYangKCC (2008) How guilt level affects green advertising effectiveness. Journal of Creative Communications3(3): 231–254.
53.
KuglerKJonesWH (1992) On conceptualizing and assessing guilt. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology62(2): 318–327.
54.
LascuDN (1991) Consumer guilt: Examining the potential of a new marketing construct. Advances in Consumer Research18: 290–295.
55.
Lavoisier-MérieuxLM (2002) De l’efficacité des stratégies de communication publicitaires menaçantes: Une étude de la relation entre émotions négatives et persuasion dans le domaine de la lutte contre l’insécurité routière. In: Actes du 2ème Congrès International des Tendances du Marketing, Paris. Available at: http://www.marketing-trends-congress.com/archives/2002/Materiali/Paper/Fr/LAVOISIER%20MERIEUX.pdf
56.
LazarusRS (1991) Emotion and Adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.
57.
LewisM (2008) Self-conscious emotions, embarrassment, pride, shame and guilt. In: LewisMHaviland-JonesJMFeldmanBL (eds) Handbook of Emotions. New York: The Guilford Press, pp. 742–756.
58.
LindseyLLM (2005) Anticipated guilt as behavioral motivation: An examination of appeals to help unknown others through bone marrow donation. Human Communication Research31(4): 453–481.
59.
LindseyLLMYunKAHillJB (2007) Anticipated guilt as motivation to help unknown others: An examination of empathy as a moderator. Communication Research34(4): 468–480.
60.
MoralesACWuECFitzsimonsGJ (2012) How disgust enhances the effectiveness of fear appeals. Journal of Marketing Research49(3): 383–393.
61.
MosherDL (1980) Guilt. In: WoodyRH (ed.) Encyclopedia of Clinical Assessment, vol. II. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass, pp. 602–613.
62.
NietzscheF (1993) La généalogie de la morale. In: Œuvres, Tome 2. Paris: Robert Laffont, pp. 739–889.
63.
OdouPBonninG (2014) Consumers’ neutralization strategies to counter normative pressure: The case of illegal downloading. Recherche et Applications en Marketing (English edition) 29(1): 114–133.
64.
O’KeefeDJ (2002) Guilt as a mechanism of persuasion. In: DillardJPPfauM (eds) The Persuasion Handbook: Developments in Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, pp. 329–344.
65.
PintoMBPriestS (1991) Guilt appeals in advertising: An exploratory study. Psychological Reports69(2): 375–385.
66.
QuilesZNBybeeJ (1997) Chronic and predispositional guilt: Relations to mental health, prosocial behavior and religiosity. Journal of Personality Assessment69(1): 104–126.
67.
RawlingsEI (1970) Reactive guilt and anticipatory guilt in altruistic behavior. In: MacaulayJBerkowitzL (eds) Altruism and Helping Behaviour: Social Psychological Studies of Some Antecedents and Consequences. New York: Academic Press, pp. 163–177.
68.
ReganJW (1971) Guilt, perceived injustice and altruistic behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology18(1): 124–132.
69.
RennerSLindenmeierJTscheulinDKet al. (2013) Guilt appeals and prosocial behavior: An experimental analysis of the effects of anticipatory versus reactive guilt appeals on the effectiveness of blood donor appeals. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing25(3): 237–255.
70.
RichinsML (1997) Measuring emotions in the consumption experience. Journal of Consumer Research24(2): 127–146.
71.
RuthJAFaberRJ (1988) Guilt: An overlooked advertising appeal. In: Proceedings of the conference of the American Academy of Advertising (ed LeckenbyJR), Chicago, April, pp. 83–89. Austin, TX: American Academy of Advertising.
72.
SchererKR (2001) Appraisal considered as a process of multilevel sequential checking. In: SchererKRSchorrAJohnstonT (eds) Appraisal Processes in Emotion: Theory, Methods, Research. New York: Oxford University Press.
73.
SosciaIBusacaBPitrelliE (2008) Guilt decreasing marketing communication: An unexplored appeal. European Advances in Consumer Research8: 107–108.
74.
TangneyJP (1991) Moral affect: The good, the bad and the ugly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology61(4): 598–607.
75.
TropeYLibermanN (2010) Construal level theory of psychological distance. Psychological Review117(2): 440–463.
76.
TverskyAKahnemanD (1981) The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science211(4481): 453−458.
77.
WeinbergA (2006) L’alchimie des émotions. Sciences humaines6(3): 38–40.
78.
WilhelmMCGavard-PerretML (2015) Appel à la peur en communication préventive: Effets opposés des composantes de l’évaluation cognitivo-émotionnelle sur la réactance situationnelle. In: Actes du 30ème Congrès International de l’Association Française du Marketing, Marrakech, North Africa, 19–22 May.
79.
WitteK (1992) Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model. Communication Monographs59(4): 329–349.
80.
YinonYBizmanACohenSet al. (1976) Effects of guilt-arousal communication on volunteering to the civil guard: A field experiment. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society7(6): 493–494.
81.
ZhaoGPechmannC (2007) The impact of regulatory focus on adolescents’ responses to antismoking advertising campaigns. Journal of Marketing Research44(4): 671−676.687.