Despite the emergence of the dark web more than 20 years ago, little scholarly attention has focused on identifying potential mental health differences between dark web users and surface web users. Yet, given the pseudo-anonymous nature of the dark web and the purported privacy it provides, individuals with mental health vulnerabilities may be inclined to use the dark web. In the present study, we investigate this matter by drawing on survey data collected in 2024 from a national sample of 2,000 U.S. adults. The results of both bivariate and multivariate analyses indicate that dark web users exhibit greater depressive symptoms and have more paranoid thoughts than surface web users. Likewise, dark web users are more likely than surface web users to report suicidal thoughts, nonsuicidal self-injury, and engagement in digital self-harm. Discussion centers on the implications of these findings for practice as well as avenues for future research.
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