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Abstract

Gamers like to socially interact with other players and show off their avatar whenever it is conceivable in performance and appearance. This study aimed to develop a new construct—“Celebrity Avatar”—based on the celebrity endorsement model and player-avatar identification theory and add value to the survey using theory of consumption value (TCV) as a mediating role. As we know, celebrity and avatar identification show a positive influence on consumer behavioral decisions, so celebrity avatars altogether as a new construct showed positive results. The self-brand connection (SBC) and fantasy have a positive effect on the celebrity avatar. We found that four components of TCV, that is, enjoyment value, character competency value, visual character value, and monetary value, are applicable for depicting how celebrity avatars can persuade consumers to buy in-game items.

Keywords

celebrity avatar celebrity endorsement game items avatar identifications

Introduction

Innovative technologies are changing the online gaming arena, and consumers are continuously spending money to buy in-game features to perform well in the gameplay. Online video games are generating hefty profits for game developers. Online video games purchase items valued at more than “$ 15 billion” in 2016 (Bonder, 2016). Game avatars have transformed a lot in the recent decade with new digital graphics, sound, and other aesthetics. Celebrities are personal brands; special physiognomies perform various advertising exercises that may affect consumers (Akturan, 2011; Runyan et al., 2009). Furthermore, celebrities influence consumers to consume different products through endorsement (Holmes & Redmond, 2014; S. W. Wang & Scheinbaum, 2018). This study is about gaming avatar and celebrity as one identity as “Celebrity Avatar.”

The acquisition of game items demonstrates a prodigious insignia for game developers to further introduce new entertaining games or game features that, in turn, make profits for the companies. Like gaming brands invest heavily in the promotion of the game, same way clothing and many other brands invest in sustaining and endorsing their brand identity through association with celebrity brands (Ahmad et al., 2019; S. S. Kim et al., 2013). For example, Nike signed a contract with Cristiano Ronaldo and LeBron James worth “£14.2 Million and $ 48 Million,” respectively. Many brands adopt the celebrity endorsement strategy, but that does not mean brands will always benefit from it (K. Yang & Forney, 2013; Zhou & Whitla, 2013). Moreover, corporations are still trying to determine the most excellent ways for celebrity endorsement strategies (Bergkvist & Zhou, 2016; Osei-Frimpong et al., 2019).

Monotonized game options are the concerning strategies for the companies to make money (King & Delfabbro, 2019; Macey & Hamari, 2019; H. Wang et al., 2019). The gameplay is designed so that it repeatedly entices the consumer to buy in-game features (Geng & Chen, 2019). The players like to buy attire, level-ups, currencies, and so on for their avatars. Big brands also try to understand celebrity associations, and previous studies relate to celebrity characters (Kelting & Rice, 2013) and celebrity congruence (Choi & Rifon, 2012; Fleck et al., 2012). In this study, it is interesting to understand the avatar’s role and the celebrity altogether as one entity. The study will explore the new construct of celebrity avatar (CA) and its effect on consumer behavioral intention toward the game items, and the use of virtual game items is an essential source for the players in any game genre that enables players to maintain an avatar life (Lin & Sun, 2015; Wu & Hsu, 2018).

Research has shown that players are prospective to decorate their avatar according to their self-personality and feel more connected with it (Hamari & Lehdonvirta, 2010; H. Wang et al., 2019). Recent studies have shown mixed impacts of celebrity endorsement models on consumer perceptions, attitudes, and behavior (Knoll & Matthes, 2017; Liu & Liu, 2020; Malik & Guptha, 2014). The gamers observe that the better the avatar’s personality look, the better they will feel bonded with it and enhance game performance (Dunn & Guadagno, 2019; Yi et al., 2017). So, the players are ready to spend money on their avatar and its in-game features to make their game live better.

This conceptual framework is the first of its kind, where a CA study is being done in a paper. The reasons for CA as a new construct are that because consumer idolizes celebrities in many ways in their life (Koernig & Boyd, 2009; Paul & Bhakar, 2018). More interaction with other players motivates the players to compete and have more positive social interactions (Reer & Krämer, 2019). Reliable avatars are more likely to be favored for illustration in the game atmosphere (Nowak & Rauh, 2005), and such avatars may influence consumers toward social, behavioral aspects also. Thus, the option of playing ones’ favorite celebrity as an avatar will entice consumers to get involved more in the game and spend more money in the game.

Celebrities are a prominent factor in affecting consumers’ behavior (Gilal et al., 2020; S. W. Wang et al., 2017). Gamers with unique skills and personalities in gameplay can customize their avatar according to their identity (Black, 2017). Thus, an avatar can influence players to spend more money and customize according to their will (Yee, 2006). Previously, it has been shown which types of celebrity endorsements are most active (S. Wang et al., 2018; Y. Wang et al., 2013), and thus, in study, one can understand the importance of CA and its effect on gamers.

Game developers implement the strategy, so that the players can play the free base game but have to purchase ancillary game content in the form of virtual items, level-ups, and so on. This kind of buying in games is termed as “loot boxes” (Drummond et al., 2019; W. Li et al., 2019), that enables players to invest in the game items to move at a fast pace in the game (King & Delfabbro, 2019).

The global gaming phenomenon has transformed the players’ thoughts into buying in-game features to have a far better avatar, and its items and youngsters are more involved in spending money (Lin & Sun, 2011; van Ryn et al., 2018). With the option of CA in the game; it can create a relationship with famous brands (Zakari et al., 2019). It has been reported that approximately 34% of young Australians aged between 8 and 17 years spent money for in-game features in a period of 1 year or so (King & Potenza, 2019). All game genres, that is, massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG), massively multiplayer online (MMO), role-playing game (RPG), and augmented reality (AR), have millions of active worldwide players.

At the moment, MMORPG games have more than 100 million active players across the world (Cottrell et al., 2019; Kollar, 2016). Such games help players to interact in the virtual world with other players (Wu & Hsu, 2018). The constructs of this study are explained in Table 1.

Table 1.

Construct Definitions.

Construct	Definition	Reference
Avatar	A process where a player views himself as a character in the fantasy world and feels what is happening to that character is happening to himself	(Maccoby & Wilson, 1957)
Celebrity	A celebrity is a human pseudo-event, “neither good nor bad, great nor pretty,” in lack of any qualities	(Boorstin, 1961/1992)
Self-brand connection	Brands are perceived to be more critical to a consumer the more closely the brands are linked to the self	(Escalas, 2004)
Fantasy	The creation or dream of imaginary environments or stories that help to escape from the real world	(Kahn et al., 2015)
Theory of consumption value	The utility that is perceived to possess criteria salient to physical or functional purposes	(Sheth et al., 1991)
Purchase intention	The extent to which, following an initial acceptance decision, the user would like to purchase	(Bhattacherjee, 2001)

The objective of this article is to study the effect of CAs on consumers’ purchase intention, in addition to exploring the theory of consumption value (TCV) mediation. We already know through literature that celebrities and avatar influence consumers. It is hoped that it will extend the knowledge and value to the CAs’ theories. A total of 250 respondents’ data were used and analyzed with structural equation modeling on SmartPLS software.

Literature and Conceptual Framework

Self-Brand Connection (SBC) and Self-Congruity Theory

SBC and self-congruity theory are discussed in the view of CA. Consumers associate their identities with brands, and this term is known as SBCs (Escalas, 2004). Consumers consider a brand is essential and believe their possessions to be their extended selves (Batra et al., 2012; Dwivedi et al., 2015). Thus, consumers show behavioral intention in the form of purchase or repeat purchase with loyalty, relating to the brand story (Ren et al., 2012; Suki, 2014). More a consumer has a positive experience with a brand online and offline, more chances are consumers’ purchase intention and connection with it (Vivek et al., 2014). We consider the SBC as one of the antecedents of a CA.

The concept of CA can make gamers more connected with the brand. The previous study has shown how consumers relate to different brands and how they perceive themselves by associating with them (Escalas & Bettman, 2003; S. V. Jin & Ryu, 2020). Consumers who have a high association with a brand can also associate with a CA concept. We can assume that SBC will have a positive effect on CAs. Like SBC, the self-congruity theory explains how a consumer perceives the importance of a brand’s symbolic value and oneself (Kang et al., 2009). This aspect is also an essential factor in gaming, where gamers tend to have a psychological relationship with the game and the game brand. Thus, gaming avatars and celebrity brands together as one identity can create a mental connection between the avatar and the gamer. We proposed the following hypothesis:

Hypothesis 1 (H1): SBC has a positive effect on CA.

Fantasy

Fantasy is an illustration of an individual’s mind where they can be anyone or do anything or the creation of dreams that escape an individual from reality (Arlow, 2018). There are so many fantasy novels and comic books, and many fantasy movies are available. It is a world where the possibilities are endless, such as being a superhero, an astronaut, a president, a celebrity, or playing different life roles and fulfilling one’s fantasies in the gaming world (C.-H. Jin, 2014). In a fantasy world, one can escape from the real world’s worries (Kahn et al., 2015). Fantasy is considered an antecedent of a CA.

The reason is that it is a make-believe world in this “digital world” of gaming (Rodrigues et al., 2010). Thus, games can be considered an incentive for imagination and creativity (Giammarco et al., 2015). CA can positively affect the gamers because of fantasy, and perhaps consumers may be more connected to their avatar and the brand altogether. Online video games are a source of escape for people who want to be far from reality. More gamers are immersed in the gaming world with their avatars, more likely to have a high intention to play and buy in-game features (Huizinga, 1993). Thus, the following hypothesis is projected:

Hypothesis 2 (H2): Fantasy has a positive effect on CA.

CA and Player-Avatar Identification (PAI) Theory

The term “identification” was first used as a reference by Freud (Brill & Freud, 1938). The term kept growing and had different names from different researchers. The connotation of it is that where an individual fully immerses himself in the virtual world and believes that whatever happening to the character is happening to himself (Klimmt et al., 2009). In this research, the term avatar has an added application with a celebrity brand. Thus, it is changed from a regular avatar identification to CA identification. This is a new variable where it will be studied to understand the consumers’ cognitive thoughts about having a CA in online video games. Furthermore, CA can affect the consumption value theory, which has four significant dimensions that are enjoyment value, character competency value, visual authority value, and monetary value.

Furthermore, player identification theory has been attached to this variable. Online video games and traditional media are different mediums altogether, as online video games with avatars deliver high levels of interactivity, selectivity, and personalization (Fokides, 2021). The dimensions of PAI theory are positive attitudes, importance to the character, absorption during the play, and feelings (D. D. Li et al., 2013).

Here, celebrity characteristics and avatar identification are integrated to check their effects on consumer intentions to buy virtual game items. Here, we need to understand what a brand is and how it benefits the consumers and the company. A brand can be a name, a logo, a design, a sound, a term, a word, or it can be a combination of all these (Ambler & Styles, 1997). In the same way, a celebrity also has characteristics. Celebrity characteristics with the avatar can be used as a CA in this research work.

Companies use brand features and celebrity physiognomies to use it further as celebrity endorsement in the promotion of the brand. Here, in this study, we use celebrity characteristics and avatar identification to understand consumer behavioral intention. Consumers may be influenced by a celebrity’s lifestyle and would like to impersonate them. In previous research work, it has been proven that celebrity endorsement increases a brand’s sales (McCormick, 2016; W. Yang, 2018). Celebrity endorsement can have a positive effect on the consumer toward intention to buy the brand (S. S. Kim et al., 2018), and it also enhances the image of the brand (Ibidunni et al., 2018).

Purchase intention of the brand increases with celebrity endorsement (McCormick, 2016; Ravi & Saxena, 2015). Furthermore, it is used widely by companies as a strategic tool to enhance the perception of the brand positively (Bozic, 2017; Zhao et al., 2018). Celebrity and avatar together as CA may influence consumer behavioral intention to buy virtual game items. The studies have shown that virtual items help the consumer get more linked and emotionally involved with the avatar (Xie et al., 2012). Using virtual items to customize the avatar creates a pleasurable experience for the players (Teng, 2010).

We already know that gamers are decorating and enjoying the consumption of virtual item on their avatars. Therefore, celebrity and avatar as CA may influence the consumer to buy virtual game items. Using the right celebrity option in the gaming as avatars may increase purchase intention; thus, the right celebrity fit with the brand is the best strategy (Albert et al., 2017; Pradhan et al., 2016). There are four characteristics of a celebrity, namely, attractiveness, likeability, expertise, and trustworthiness (S. V. Jin & Ryu, 2020; Osei-Frimpong et al., 2019). Understanding the celebrity characteristics and how it transfers these characteristics to a brand (Fleck et al., 2012; Hung et al., 2011), it may affect the consumer intention also when used as CA.

It is imperative to comprehend that intent to play the game is the driving force behind gamers, and this driving force can also be game features that keep them motivated to keep playing the game (Wei & Lu, 2014). Companies’ strategy has changed from pay-to-play to play-to-pay (Fleury et al., 2014). Furthermore, a new policy called freemium has been introduced (a mix of free and premium). The strategy is about to play free, but to use some added features, a consumer needs to pay for it to enjoy the privileges, and thus, intention to play may affect the plan to pay (Fleury et al., 2014; Park & Lee, 2011b).

Figure 1 shows the schematic plan of this research study. Many players wish to decorate their avatars. The player’s motivation to purchase virtual game items is categorized into two types: (a) functional or contributory props and (b) ornamental or expressive accessories. The functional prop can help a player in making its avatar more powerful or superior. In contrast, the decorative prop can help make the avatar’s appearance more likable and attractive. Players are inclined to devote money to boost the avatar value that may help them perform (Park & Lee, 2011b). We know that every consumer has his or her way of thinking, and therefore, intention to purchase virtual items may differ from player to player (Hsu & Lin, 2015). So, the induction of CAs may increase consumers’ purchase intention who hardly or never buy virtual game items. Thus, we recommend two hypotheses:

Hypothesis 3a (H3a): CA has a positive effect on consumption value.

Hypothesis 3b (H3b): CA has a positive effect on game items purchase intention (GIPI).

Figure 1.

Conceptual framework.

TCV

According to the theory, the dimensions of TCV are condition value, epistemic, functional value, social value, and emotional value. Later, the approach was modified for gaming purposes by Li to contain four dimensions (Park & Lee, 2011a, 2011b). The four dimensions are enjoyment value, character competency value, visual authority value, and monetary value. Another research also showed similar components with the TCV: visual appeal value, social value, playful value, and financial value. But this study was in the context of the espousal of ringtones by mobile phone users (Turel et al., 2010). This study will take CA as the independent variable with antecedents of SBC and fantasy and TCV as a mediator between the CA and GIPI. TCV advocates that consumers ascribe different values to different products, and ultimately influence purchase intention (Ramkissoon et al., 2009).

The enjoyment value states that gamers will acquire the virtual game items to have more entertainment with their avatar and the game itself. The character competency value indicates that the players will buy game items to upsurge their avatar’s supremacy in the game. The visual authority value states that the gamers will obtain the virtual game items to embellish their avatars to increase their social positioning amid other players and social groups. The last dimension is the monetary value, where gamers will purchase in-game items as they believe it is not expensive to buy. Compared with the TCV, the enjoyment value is like emotional value, character competency value is associated with functional value, visual authority value is associated with social value, and the monetary value is the new addition in theory related to gaming. Furthermore, the study has shown that TCV empowers deeper elucidations because it inspects fundamental motives in the consumer behavioral intention decision process (Lee et al., 2002). It is understandable from the study that the TCV may affect the consumer decision-making process. We suggest the following hypotheses.

Hypothesis 4a (H4a): Consumption value has a positive effect on GIPI.

Hypothesis 4b (H4b): Consumption value mediates between CA and GIPI.

Method

Construct Measures and Selection

The questionnaire items were adapted from previous research studies with a 7-point Likert-type scale. The data were collected from those who currently played MMORPG, RPG, and MMO genre games.

Data Collection and Sample

The data were collected with a convenience sample technique on WeChat and QQ social media apps. The questionnaire had a 43-item scale, including 12 demographic questions. There were a total of 277 respondents, and data were collected in October 2019. In total, 250 respondents were included after the responses were carefully screened, demonstrating a 90% response rate.

Demographic Profile of the Respondents

The details of the respondents’ profile are provided in Table 2.

Table 2.

Respondents’ Profile (250).

Characteristics	Distribution	Frequency	%
Gender	Male	151	60.4
Gender	Female	99	39.6
Age	15–20	18	7.2
	21–25	207	82.8
	26–30	21	8.4
	31–35	4	1.6
Education	Undergraduate degree	225	90
	Master’s degree	23	9.2
	PhD degree	2	0.8
Occupation	Student	203	81.2
	Job	43	17.2
	Business	4	1.6
Which game genre you prefer to play?	Massively multiplayer online (MMO)	71	28.4
	Massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG)	79	31.6
	Role-playing game (RPG)	33	13.2
	Augmented reality	16	6.4
	All	51	20.4
Playing days per week (days)	1–2	66	26.4
	2–3	21	8.4
	4–6	37	14.8
	Everyday	126	50.4
Amount of time per day (hr)	1–2	59	23.6
	3–4	65	26
	>5	126	50.4
Playing place	Dorm	152	60.8
	PC Café	55	22
	House	4	1.6
	Others	2	0.8
	All	37	14.8
Your preference of country for your celebrity avatar?	China	73	29.2
	Unites States	43	17.2
	South Korea	41	16.4
	Japan	22	8.8
	All	71	28.4
Your preference of your celebrity avatar occupation?	Actor	61	24.4
	Sports	43	17.2
	Singer	76	30.4
	Businessman	1	0.4
	Animated characters	7	2.8
	All	62	24.8
Game items you are willing to purchase?	Weaponry	39	15.6
	Level-up items	33	13.2
	Decorative accessories (attire)	65	26
	Game currency	23	9.2
	All	90	36
Money (RMB) you are willing to spend on game items per month?	50–100	95	38
	101–200	80	32
	201–300	40	16
	301–400	21	8.4
	401–500	9	3.6
	>500	5	2

Data Analysis

The data were analyzed using SmartPLS 3 software (Ringle & Sarstedt, 2016). This software was castoff to assess and construe the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) model. It has been established that it is a powerful investigative instrument in various areas (Rosipal & Krämer, 2005) and has been extensively used to evaluate relationships between observed and latent variables in the information technology field (Gefen & Straub, 2005).

Analysis and Measurement Model

Content Validity

In this test, we check the data’s factor loadings (Hair et al., 2011). The breakpoint level for confirming validity is 0.60 (Hair et al., 1998), and all items had factor loading above 0.60. The details can be seen in Table 3.

Table 3.

Content Validity and Convergent Validity.

Constructs	Indicators	Factor loading	Cronbach’s alpha	Composite reliability	Average variance extracted (AVE)
Fantasy	F1	0.922	.836	.900	0.705
	F2	0.938
	F3	0.934
	F4	0.464
Self-brand connection	SBC1	0.705	.898	.919	0.619
	SBC2	0.825
	SBC3	0.825
	SBC4	0.795
	SBC5	0.760
	SBC6	0.779
	SBC7	0.813
Celebrity avatar	CA1	0.897	.887	.923	0.750
	CA2	0.900
	CA3	0.902
	CA4	0.757
Enjoyment value	EV1	0.721	.941	.948	0.587
	EV2	0.736
	EV3	0.826
Character competency value	CCV1	0.721
	CCV2	0.736
	CCV3	0.826
Visual authority value	VAV1	0.846
	VAV2	0.826
	VAV3	0.763
	VAV4	0.799
Monetary value	MV1	0.898
	MV2	0.888
	MV3	0.903
Game items purchase intention	GIPI1	0.898	.877	.924	0.803
	GIPI2	0.888
	GIPI3	0.903

Convergent Validity

To check this test’s reliability, we use Cronbach’s alpha, composite reliability (CR), and average variance extracted (AVE). Table 3 shows Cronbach’s alpha value of above .8, which is above the threshold of .70. The CR values range as above .9 and above the threshold point of .70 as directed by Hair et al. (2011). Likewise, AVE is above 0.5 and is above the cutoff point of 0.50 as directed by Hair et al. (2011).

Discriminant Validity

This test clarifies how a concept’s variables are different from other constructs in the same conceptual framework (Fornell & Larcker, 1981). It is resultant by matching the square root of the AVE value with the correlation values of the same construct (Fornell & Larcker, 1981). Table 4 shows the discriminant validity of the research framework.

Table 4.

Discriminant Validity.

Variables	Celebrity avatar	Consumption value	Fantasy	Game items purchase intention	Self-brand connection
CA	0.866
CV	0.825	0.766
F	0.577	0.698	0.839
GIPI	0.626	0.702	0.631	0.896
SBC	0.664	0.690	0.636	0.707	0.787

Note. CA = celebrity avatar; CV = competency value; F = fantasy; GIPI = game items purchase intention; SBC = self-brand connection.

Structural Model

Bootstrapping with a random sample of 5,000 was routed to compute the results for hypothesis testing. The computed results supported all the outcomes as shown in Table 5 and details are in Figure 2. First, the relationship of H1: F with CA was accepted at β = .260***, t = 2.995, p < .01. The relationship of H2: SBC with CA was to be significant at β = .499***, t = 5.899, p < .01. Similarly, relationships, such as H3a: CA with CV and H3b: CA with GIPI, are having a strong significance at β = .825***, t = 28.740, p < .01 and β = .626***, t = 10.473, p < .01, respectively. The relationship of H4a: CV with GIPI is accepted at β = .580***, t = 5.859, p < .001. Likewise, the relationship of H4b: CA and GIPI with mediating effect of CV is accepted at β = .479***, t = 5.793, p < .01.

Table 5.

Hypothesis Testing.

Hypothesis		Path coefficients	SD	T statistics	p value	Decision
H1	F CA	0.260	0.087	2.995	.003	Accepted
H2	SBC CA	0.499	0.085	5.899	.000	Accepted
H3a	CA CV	0.825	0.029	28.740	.000	Accepted
H3b	CA GIPI	0.626	0.060	10.473	.000	Accepted
H4a	CV GIPI	0.580	0.099	5.859	.000	Accepted
H4b	CA CV GIPI	0.479	0.083	5.793	.000	Accepted

Note. F = fantasy; CA = celebrity avatar; SBC = self-brand connection; CV = competency value; GIPI = game items purchase intention.

Figure 2.

Structural model with path coefficients.

Discussion and Implications

Results and Theoretical Implications

In this study, the TCV works well as a mediator for CA and GIPI. So, the scales for SBC (Dwivedi et al., 2015; Escalas, 2004; Harrigan et al., 2018), fantasy (Sherry et al., 2006), CA (B. J. Li & Lwin, 2016), TCV (Park & Lee, 2011b), and GIPI (Park & Lee, 2011b) are appropriate tools to assess this framework regarding online video gamers. The framework showed positive results which is an indication that they are in line with theory.

H1 stated that SBC positively affects CA as previous studies show that avatar identification and SBC are positively associated (Harrigan et al., 2018). Thus, it indicates that gamers are closely linked with CAs. It is understandable from the results that players are influenced by CA as mentioned in previous studies that celebrities influence the consumers (Albert et al., 2017; Bergkvist & Zhou, 2016; Dwivedi et al., 2015), and in the form of CA, it gives a more positive connection to themselves.

H2 stated that fantasy has a positive effect on CA and was approved (C.-H. Jin, 2014; Shelton, 2010). The reason for its acceptance is that gamers feel that they can do anything when they are in a fantasy world. Thus, gaming provides them with that platform where they can be what they dream.

H3a states that CA has a positive effect on consumption value. This hypothesis is approved. We know celebrity endorsement influences consumers with their charismatic personality (Knoll & Matthes, 2017; W. Yang, 2018; Zakari et al., 2019). And the PAI and the gamer are immersed in the gaming experience (Hooi & Cho, 2013; Peña & Kim, 2014; Waddell et al., 2015); thus, CA as seen from the structural model analysis effects TCV (Liao et al., 2019; Park & Lee, 2011a). It affects enjoyment value, character competency value, visual authority value, and monetary value positively.

H3b states that CA has a positive effect on GIPI. This hypothesis is also approved. As discussed before, celebrity do influence the consumers (Bergkvist & Zhou, 2016; Osei-Frimpong et al., 2019), and avatars are customized in accordance with one’s personality while playing (Y. Kim & Sundar, 2012; Midha & Nandedkar, 2012; Nowak & Rauh, 2005; H. Wang et al., 2019). Thus, CAs may influence consumers more from standard avatars in buying in-game items to increase avatar performance.

H4a states that consumption value has a positive effect on purchase items. This hypothesis was also accepted. The structural model analysis shows that gamers tend to believe that they will get more out of the avatar (Park & Lee, 2011b; X. Wang et al., 2020) and will buy more virtual game items to make the avatar look and perform better (Park & Lee, 2011a). Gamers will purchase game items when they feel that their avatar enjoyment value is high, the avatar is highly competitive in the gameplay, the avatar’s appearance is per their reflection, and the monetary value attached to the avatar is reasonable.

H4b stating that consumption value mediates between CA and GIPI is also approved. Thus, TCV is mediating well with the new construct CA and GIPI (Fleury et al., 2014). In the previous study, TCV was used to directly affect the intention to play (Coursaris et al., 2016; Hamari et al., 2017). In this article, we have taken TCV as a mediator (Park & Lee, 2011b). The results were entirely up to the constructs in the framework. We see that the mediation effect is more than the direct impact of CA on GIPI.

Finally, this study suggests that CA a new construct increases consumer intention to pay for in-game items with the mediating effect of TCV. These insights provide details to game developers to develop games where they can give CA options, and thus, it may influence consumers to play more and pay more to enhance the ability of the gamer’s avatar in performance and appearance both. More customizations are available for the players in the form of CA; more likely are the chances for them to buy more in-game items. Thus, the new construct CA has value and can earn money for game developers if implemented.

Implications for Game Developers

CA in MMORPG game genre

This study shows that CAs can influence consumers in buying in-game items through the mediating effect of TCV. CA itself is a new construct. Previously, avatar has been used by different names as PAI (D. D. Li et al., 2013) and so on but not as a CA. This new construct can add value to the game if game developers choose this option in their gameplay. Game developers spend millions of dollars on developing games, and thus, using celebrity as an avatar can help both the company and the celebrity itself.

CA in AR games

There are different types of game genres available to the consumers to enjoy, such as MMORPG, MMO, and RPG. There is one more term as AR. AR games provide learning, socializing, brain development, and healthy activity for the gamers (Alha et al., 2019; Koivisto et al., 2019). The CA concept can also be highlighted in AR-based reality games.

Research Limitations

The study showed good results with all the hypotheses accepted, but it has limitations. The number of respondents was only 250. This number can be increased to have better feedback. The research was only limited to one urban city of China. More urban cities can be added to understand the Chinese market of gaming. The study can be taken to other countries to understand CA’s effect on consumers’ willingness to pay for game items. The game genre included in this study was MMORPG, MMO, and RPG. Other game genres, like AR, can also be investigated in the future.

The study was based on a cross-sectional study. It can further be explored with longitudinal and experimental designs as it may provide a better analysis for this new construct. At last, only mediation was used to investigate the proposed framework. Moderating variables such as immersive experience and entertainment can further understand the original construct of CA.

Conclusion

This study showed positive results toward the new construct “celebrity avatar” toward GIPI with the mediating effect of TCV. The proposed framework analysis was based on PAI, self-congruity theory, and TCV. It showed that the induction of CA variable could affect consumers’ willingness to buy more in-game items. Thus, for future reference, this new construct CA can be further explored according to theories to understand the consumers’ willingness to pay for in-game items. The outcomes are of immense importance to both academicians and game developers.

Footnotes

The authors like to thank the respondents for their valued feedback.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research,authorship,and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research,authorship,and/or publication of this article.

ORCID iDs

Asad Hassan Butt

Nouman Shafique

Hassan Ahmad

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“Celebrity Avatar” Feasting on In-Game Items: A Gamers’ Play Arena

Abstract

Keywords

Introduction

Literature and Conceptual Framework

Self-Brand Connection (SBC) and Self-Congruity Theory

Fantasy

CA and Player-Avatar Identification (PAI) Theory

TCV

Method

Construct Measures and Selection

Data Collection and Sample

Demographic Profile of the Respondents

Data Analysis

Analysis and Measurement Model

Content Validity

Convergent Validity

Discriminant Validity

Structural Model

Discussion and Implications

Results and Theoretical Implications

Implications for Game Developers

CA in MMORPG game genre

CA in AR games

Research Limitations

Conclusion

Footnotes

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

Funding

ORCID iDs

References