In the current study, we analyzed data from a national sample of 501 Black women (18–35 years old, M = 27) to examine the associations between gendered racial identity beliefs, the Superwoman Schema, and positive health practices on women’s stress, anxiety, and depression. Gendered racial centrality and endorsement of the Superwoman Schema was associated with poorer mental health outcomes, while positive beliefs about being a Black woman were associated with lower levels of stress, anxiety, and depression. Black women with more supportive social relationships indicated less stress, anxiety, and depression. We also considered individual-level differences and found that younger and neurodiverse and disabled Black women reported more stress, anxiety, and depression. The results highlight the multidimensionality of gendered racial identity beliefs in relation to mental health outcomes, as well as the need for more research on individual-level differences and the role of self-compassion in Black women’s experiences.
AbramsJ. A.HillA.MaxwellM. (2019). Underneath the mask of the strong Black woman schema: Disentangling influences of strength and self-silencing on depressive symptoms among U.S. Black women. Sex Roles, 80(9–10), 517–526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-018-0956-y
2.
AbramsJ. A.MaxwellM.PopeM.BelgraveF. Z. (2014). Carrying the world with the grace of a lady and the grit of a warrior deepening our understanding of the “strong Black woman” schema. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 38(4), 503–518. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684314541418
3.
AdamsV.GladdenA.CraddockJ. (2022). Perceptions of health among Black women in emerging adulthood: Alignment with a health at every size perspective. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 54(10), 916–924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2022.07.004
4.
Adkins-JacksonP. B.Turner-MusaJ.ChesterC. (2019). The path to better health for Black women: Predicting self-care and exploring its mediating effects on stress and health. Inquiry: The Journal of Health Care, 56, 46958019870968. https://doi.org/10.1177/0046958019870968
5.
AllenA. M.WangY.ChaeD. H.PriceM. M.PowellW.SteedT. C.Rose BlackA.DhabharF. S.Marquez-MaganaL.Woods-GiscombeC. L. (2019). Racial discrimination, the superwoman schema, and allostatic load: Exploring an integrative stress-coping model among African American women. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1457(1), 104–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14188
6.
AshleyW. (2014). The angry black woman: The impact of pejorative stereotypes on psychotherapy with Black women. Social Work in Public Health, 29(1), 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/19371918.2011.619449
7.
BaileyM.MobleyI. A. (2019). Work in the intersections: A black feminist disability framework. Gender & Society, 33(1), 19–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243218801523
8.
Beauboeuf-LafontantT. (2009). Behind the mask of the strong Black woman: Voice and the embodiment of a costly performance. Temple University Press.
9.
Bermudez-MillanA.SchumannK. P.FeinnR.TennenH.WagnerJ. (2016). Behavioral reactivity to acute stress among Black and White women with type 2 diabetes: The roles of income and racial discrimination. Journal of Health Psychology, 21(9), 2085–2097. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105315571776
10.
BronderE. C.SpeightS. L.WitherspoonK. M.ThomasA. J. (2014). John Henryism, depression, and perceived social support in Black women. Journal of Black Psychology, 40(2), 115–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798412474466
11.
BrownN.MuhlenkampA.FoxL.OsbornM. (1983). The relationship among health beliefs, health values, and health promotion activity. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 5(2), 155–163. https://doi.org/10.1177/019394598300500205
12.
BrownN. R.WingateL. T. (2022). The influence of memorable message receipt on dietary and exercise behavior among self-identified Black women. Health Communication, 37(9), 1157–1166. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2021.1962587
13.
CarrE. R.SzymanskiD. M.TahaF.WestL. M.KaslowN. J. (2014). Understanding the link between multiple oppressions and depression among African American women: The role of internalization. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 38(2), 233–245. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684313499900
14.
CastelinS.WhiteG. (2022). “I’m a strong independent Black woman”: The strong Black woman schema and mental health in college-aged Black women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 46(2), 196–208. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843211067501
ChinnJ. J.MartinI. K.RedmondN. (2021). Health equity among Black women in the United States. Journal of Women’s Health, 30(2), 212–219. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2020.8868
17.
ColemanM. N.ButlerE. O.LongA. M.FisherF. D. (2016). In and out of love with hip-hop: Saliency of sexual scripts for young adult african American women in hip-hop and black-oriented television. Culture, Heath, & Sexuality, 18(10), 1165–1179. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2016.1175029
18.
CollinsC. C.BrownP. L.RiceH.BronsonC.CherneyE.FarmerC.DeRigneL. (2021). Experiences of Black women during pregnancy: The meaning of perinatal support. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 91(5), 589–597. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000557
19.
Cook-CottoneCatherineGuykerWendy (2018). The Development and Validation of the Mindful Self-Care Scale (MSCS): an Assessment of Practices that Support Positive Embodiment. Mindfulness, 9, 161–175.
20.
CrossW. E.Jr. (1991). Shades of Black: Diversity in African American identity. Temple University.
21.
DavisS. M.JonesM. K. (2020). Black women at war: A comprehensive framework for research on the strong black woman. Women's Studies in Communication, 44(3), 301–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/07491409.2020.1838020
22.
DiemerM. C.GersteinE. D.RegesterA. (2022). Autism presentation in female and Black populations: Examining the roles of identity, theory, and systemic inequalities. Autism, 26(8), 1931–1946. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613221113501
23.
DonovanR. A.WestL. M. (2015). Stress and mental health: Moderating role of the strong black woman stereotype. Journal of Black Psychology, 41(4), 384–396. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798414543014
24.
ErvingC. L.FrazierC. (2021). The association between multiple chronic conditions and depressive symptoms: Intersectional distinctions by race, nativity, and gender. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 62(4), 599–617. https://doi.org/10.1177/00221465211040174
25.
ErvingC. L.McKinnonI. I.TobinC. S.DykeM. E. V.MurdenR.MooreR. H.BookerB.VaccarinoV.LewisT. T. (2024). Black women as superwoman? The mental health effects of superwoman schema, socioeconomic status, and financial strain. Social Problems. spae007. https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spae007
26.
ErvingC. L.PattersonE. J.BooneJ. (2021). Black women’s mental health matters: Theoretical perspectives and future directions. Sociology Compass, 15(9), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12919
27.
ErvingC. L.SmithM. V. (2022). Disrupting monolithic thinking about Black women and their mental health: Does stress exposure explain intersectional ethnic, nativity, and socioeconomic differences?Social Problems, 69(4), 1046–1067. https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spab022
28.
EvansS. Y. (2021). Black women’s yoga history: Memoirs of inner peace. State University of New York Press.
29.
EverettJ. E.HallJ. C.Hamilton-MasonJ. (2010). Everyday conflict and daily stressors: Coping responses of Black women. Journal of Women and Social Work, 25(1), 30–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109909354983
30.
GageG. S. (2017). Social support and positive health practices in black late adolescents. Clinical Nursing Research, 26(1), 93–113. https://doi.org/10.1177/1054773815594579
31.
GreenB. N. (2019). Strong like my mama: The legacy of “strength,” depression, and suicidality in African American women. Women & Therapy, 42(3–4), 265–288. https://doi.org/10.1080/02703149.2019.1622909
32.
HallidayA. S.BrownN. E. (2018). The power of Black girl magic anthems: Nicki Minaj, Beyoncé, and “feeling myself” as political empowerment. Souls, 20(2), 222–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999949.2018.1520067
33.
Hill CollinsPatricia (2022). Black women and wellness. Women & Therapy, 45(4), 354–368. DOI:10.1080/02703149.2022.2125620
34.
HillL. K.HoggardL. S. (2018). Active coping moderates associations among race-related stress, rumination, and depressive symptoms in emerging adult African American women. Development and Psychopathology, 30(5), 1817–1835. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579418001268
35.
HooksB. (1993). Sisters of the yam: Black women and self-recovery. South End Press.
36.
JeraldM. C.WardL. M.MossL.ThomasK.FletcherK. D. (2017). Subordinates, sex objects, or sapphires? Investigating contributions of media use to black students’ femininity ideologies and stereotypes about black women. Journal of Black Psychology, 43(6), 608–635. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798416665967
37.
JonesC.Shorter-GoodenK. (2003). Shifting: The double lives of Black women in America. Harper Perennial.
38.
JonesM. K.Hill-JarrettT. G.LatimerK.ReynoldsA.GarrettN.HarrisI.JosephS.JonesA. (2021a). The role of coping in the relationship between endorsement of the strong Black woman schema and depressive symptoms among Black women. Journal of Black Psychology, 47(7), 578–592. https://doi.org/10.1177/00957984211021229
39.
JonesM.LeathS.SettlesI.DotyD.ConnerK. (2021b). Gendered racism and depression among Black women: Examining the roles of social support and identity. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 28(1), 39–48. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000486
40.
JonesM. S.WomackV.Jeremie-BrinkG.DickensD. D. (2021c). Gendered racism and mental health among young adult U.S. Black women: The moderating roles of gendered racial identity centrality and identity shifting. Sex Roles, 85(3–4), 221–231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-020-01214-1
41.
JonesM. K.DayS. X. (2018). An exploration of Black women’s gendered racial identity using a multidimensional and intersectional approach. Sex Roles, 79(1–2), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0854-8
42.
JonesM. K.Pritchett-JohnsonB. (2018). “Invincible Black women”: Group therapy for Black college women. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 43(4), 349–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/01933922.2018.1484536
43.
KnightonJ.DoganJ.CrowellC.Stevens-WatkinsD. (2022). Superwoman schema: A context for understanding psychological distress among middle-class African American women who perceive racial microaggressions. Ethnicity and Health, 27(4), 946–962. https://dio.org/10.1080/13557858.2020.1818695
44.
LeathS.BillingsleyJ.JonesM.JohnsonK.TaliaferroJ.Gaskin-ColeG. (2023). Raising resilient black women: A study of superwoman mothering and strength as a form of gendered racial socialization in black mother-daughter relationships. Sex Roles, 89(11–12), 625–642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-023-01417-2
45.
LeathS.ChavousT. (2018). Black women’s experiences of campus racial climate and stigma at predominantly White institutions: Insights from a comparative and within-group approach for STEM and Non-STEM majors. The Journal of Negro Education, 87(2), 125–139. https://doi.org/10.7709/jnegroeducation.87.2.0125
46.
LeathS.LatimerA.Inniss-ThompsonM.SewardM.BallB. (2025). “The pressure to be perfect”: Exploring stereotypes of achievement and mental health and wellbeing among Black college women attending predominantly white institutions. Psychology of Women Quarterly. Advance online publication.
47.
LeathS.MimsL.EvansK. A.ParkerT.BillingsleyJ. (2022). “I can be unapologetically who I am”: A study of friendship among black undergraduate women at PWIs. Emerging Adulthood, 10(4), 837–851. https://doi.org/10.1177/21676968211066156
48.
LewisJ. A.MendenhallR.HarwoodS. A.Browne HunttM. (2013). Coping with gendered racial microaggressions among Black women college students. Journal of African American Studies, 17(1), 51–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12111-012-9219-0
49.
LewisJ. A.WilliamsM. G.PeppersE. J.GadsonC. A. (2017). Applying intersectionality to explore the relations between gendered racism and health among Black women. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(5), 475–486. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000231
50.
LiaoK. Y.WeiM.YinM. (2020). The misunderstood schema of the Strong Black woman: Exploring its mental health consequences and coping responses among African American women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 44(1), 84–104. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684319883198
51.
LovibondS. H.LovibondP. F. (1995). Depression anxiety stress scales (DASS--21, DASS--42) [Database record]. APA PsycTests. https://doi.org/10.1037/t01004-000
52.
MilesA. L. (2019). “Strong Black women”: African American women with disabilities, intersecting identities, and inequality. Gender & Society, 33(1), 41–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243218814820
53.
MollowA. (2006). “When Black women start going on Prozac”: Race, gender, and mental illness in Meri Nana-Ama Danquah’s “Willow weep for me.”. Melus, 31(3), 67–99. https://doi.org/10.1093/melus/31.3.67
54.
MoutonC. P.Carter-NolanP. L.MakambiK. H.TaylorT. R.PalmerJ. R.RosenbergL.Adams-CampbellL. L. (2010). Impact of perceived racial discrimination on health screening in Black women. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 21(1), 287–300. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.0.0273
55.
Neal-BarnettA. M.StadulisR.PayneM. R.CrosbyL.MitchellM.WilliamsL.Williams-CostaC. (2011). In the company of my sisters: Sister circles as an anxiety intervention for professional African American women. Journal of Affective Disorders, 129(1–3), 213–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.08.024
56.
NelsonT.CardemilE. V.AdeoyeC. T. (2016). Rethinking strength: Black women’s perceptions of the “Strong Black Woman” role. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 40(4), 551–563. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684316646716
57.
NelsonT.CardemilE. V.OverstreetN. M.HunterC. D.Woods-GiscombéC. L. (2022). Association between superwoman schema, depression, and resilience: The mediating role of social isolation and gendered racial centrality. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 30(1), 95–106. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000533
58.
NevilleH. A.CrossW. E. (2017). Racial awakening: Epiphanies and encounters in Black racial identity. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 23(1), 102–108. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000105
59.
ParenteV.HaleL.PalermoT. (2013). Association between breast cancer and allostatic load by race: National health and nutrition examination survey 1999-2008. Psycho-Oncology, 22(3), 621–628. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3044
60.
ParksA. K.HaymanL. L. (2024). Unveiling the strong black woman schema – evolution and impact: A systematic review. Clinical Nursing Research, 33(5), 395–404. https://doi.org/10.1177/10547738241234425
61.
PerezA. D.DufaultS. M.SpearsE. C.ChaeD. H.Woods-GiscombeC. L.AllenA. M. (2023). Superwoman schema and John Henryism among African American women: An intersectional perspective on coping with racism. Social Science & Medicine, 316, Article 115070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115070
62.
PerkinsT.DurkeeM.BanksJ.Ribero‐BrownB. (2022). Gender and racial identity moderate the effects of online and offline discrimination on mental health: Dismantling systems of racism and oppression during adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 32(1), 244–253. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12717
63.
PorterC. J.ByrdJ. A. (2023). Juxtaposing #BlackGirlMagic as “empowering and problematic:” composite narratives of Black women in college. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 16(3), 273–283. https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000338
64.
PratherC.FullerT. R.JeffriesW. L.MarshallK. J.HowellA. V.Belyue-UmoleA.KingW. (2018). Racism, African American women, and their sexual and reproductive health: A review of historical and contemporary evidence and implications for health equity. Health Equity, 2(1), 249–259. https://doi.org/10.1089/heq.2017.0045
65.
RebarA. L.StantonR.GeardD.ShortC.DuncanM. J.VandelanotteC. (2015). A meta-meta-analysis of the effect of physical activity on depression and anxiety in non-clinical adult populations. Health Psychology Review, 9(3), 366–378. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2015.1022901
66.
RomanoK. A.HeronK. E. (2022). Examining race and gender differences in associations among body appreciation, eudaimonic psychological well-being, and intuitive eating and exercising. American Journal of Health Promotion, 36(1), 117–128. https://doi.org/10.1177/08901171211036910
67.
SabanK. L.MotleyD.ShawahinL.MathewsH. L.TellD.De La PenaP.JanusekL. (2021). Preliminary evidence for a race-based stress reduction intervention for Black women at risk for cardiovascular disease. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 58(2021), Article 102710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102710
68.
SchulzA. J.GravleeC. C.WilliamsD. R.IsraelB. A.MentzG. M.RoweZ. (2006). Discrimination, symptoms of depression, and self-rated health among African American women in Detroit: results from a longitudinal analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 96(7), 1265–1270. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2005.064543
69.
SellersR. M.SmithM. A.SheltonJ. N.RowleyS. A.ChavousT. M. (1998). Multidimensional model of racial identity: A reconceptualization of African American racial identity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2(1), 18–39. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0201_2
70.
SettlesI. H.NavarreteC. D.PaganoS. J.AbdouC. M.SidaniusJ. (2010). Racial identity and depression among African American women. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16(2), 248–255. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016442
StreetJ. C.TahaF.JonesA. D.JonesK. A.CarrE.WoodsA.WoodallS.KaslowN. J. (2012). Racial identity and reasons for living in African American female suicide attempters. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 18(4), 416–423. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029594
73.
SzymanskiD. M.LewisJ. A. (2016). Gendered racism, coping, identity centrality, and African American college women’s psychological distress. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 40(2), 229–243. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684315616113
74.
ThoitsP. A. (2010). Stress and health: Major findings and policy implications. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51(Suppl), S41–S53. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146510383499
75.
ThomasAnitaHackerJasonHoxhaDenada (2011). Gendered racial identity of Black young women. Sex Roles, 64, 530–542. DOI:10.1007/s11199-011-9939-y
76.
ThomasAnitaKingConstance (2007). Gendered racial socialization of African American mothers and daughters. The Family Journal, 15(2), 137–142.
77.
VaradarajV.DealJ. A.CampanileJ.ReedN. S.SwenorB. K. (2019a). National prevalence of disability and disability types among adults in the US, 2019. JAMA Network Open, 4(10), Article e2130358. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.30358
78.
VaradarajV.DealJ. A.CampanileJ.ReedN. S.SwenorB. K. (2019b). National prevalence of disability and disability types among adults in the US, 2019. JAMA Network Open, 4(10), Article e2130358. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.30358
79.
Warren-FindlowJ. (2006). Weathering: Stress and heart disease in African American women living in Chicago. Qualitative Health Research, 16(2), 221–237. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305278651
80.
WatsonN. N.HunterC. D. (2015). Anxiety and depression among African American women: The costs of strength and negative attitudes toward psychological help-seeking. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 21(4), 604–612. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000015
81.
WatsonN. N.HunterC. D. (2016). “I had to be strong”: Tensions in the strong Black woman schema. Journal of Black Psychology, 42(5), 424–452. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798415597093
82.
Watson-SingletonN. N. (2017). Strong Black Woman schema and psychological distress: The mediating role of perceived emotional support. Journal of Black Psychology, 43(8), 778–788. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798417732414
83.
Watson-SingletonN. N. (2017b). Strong Black woman schema and psychological distress: The mediating role of perceived emotional support. Journal of Black Psychology, 43(8), 778–788. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798417732414
84.
Watson-SingletonN. N.SpiveyB. N.HarrisonE. G.NelsonT.LewisJ. A. (2024). Double-edged sword or outright harmful? Associations between Strong Black Woman Schema and resilience, self-efficacy, and flourishing. Sex Roles, 90(9), 1123–1135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01503-z
85.
Watson-SingletonN. N.WomackV. Y.Holder-DixonA. R.BlackA. R. (2021). Racism’s (un)worthiness trap: The mediating roles of self-compassion and self-coldness in the link between racism and distress in African Americans. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000398
86.
WestC. M. (1995). Mammy, Sapphire, and Jezebel: Historical images of Black women and their implications for psychotherapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 32(3), 458–466. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.32.3.458
87.
WestC. M. (2008). Mammy, Jezebel, Sapphire, and their homegirls: Developing an “oppositional gaze” toward the images of Black women. In ChrislerJ. C.GoldenC.RozeeP. D. (Eds.), Lectures on the psychology of women (pp. 287–299). McGraw-Hill.
88.
WilliamsM. G.LewisJ. A. (2021). Developing a conceptual framework of Black women’s gendered racial identity development. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 45(2), 212–228. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684320988602
89.
WilliamsQ.WilliamsB. M.BrownL. C. (2022). Exploring Black girl magic: Identity development of Black first-gen college women. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 15(4), 466–479. https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000294
90.
Woods-GiscombéC.RobinsonM. N.CarthonD.Devane-JohnsonS.Corbie-SmithG. (2016). Superwoman schema, stigma, spirituality, and culturally sensitive providers: Factors influencing African American women’s use of mental health services. Journal of Best Practices in Health Professions Diversity: Research, Education, and Policy, 9(1), 1124–1144.
91.
Winkle-WagnerRachelleTurner KellyBridgetLuedkeCourtneyReavisTangela (2019). Authentically Me: Examining Expectations That Are Placed Upon Black Women in College. American Educational Research Journal, 56(2), 407–443. DOI:10.3102/0002831218798326
92.
Woods-GiscombéC. L. (2010). Superwoman schema: African American women’s views on stress, strength, and health. Qualitative Health Research, 20(5), 668–683. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732310361892
93.
Woods-GiscombéC. L.AllenA. M.BlackA. R.SteedT. C.LiY.LackeyC. (2019). The Giscombé Superwoman Schema Questionnaire: Psychometric properties and associations with mental health and health behaviors in African American women. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 40(8), 672–681. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2019.1584654
94.
Woods-GiscombéC. L.BlackA. R. (2010). Mind-body interventions to reduce risk for health disparities related to stress and strength among African American women: The potential of mindfulness-based stress reduction, loving-kindness, and the NTU therapeutic framework. Complementary Health Practice Review, 15(3), 115–131. https://doi.org/10.1177/1533210110386776
95.
Woods-GiscombéC. L.GaylordS. A. (2014). The cultural relevance of mindfulness meditation as a health intervention for African Americans: Implications for reducing stress-related health disparities. Journal of Holistic, 32(3), 147–160. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898010113519010
96.
WrightL. N.LewisJ. A. (2020). Is physical activity a buffer? Gendered racial microaggressions and anxiety among African American women. Journal of Black Psychology, 46(2–3), 122–143. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798420929112
97.
ZhangH.Watson-SingletonN. N.PollardS. E.PittmanD. M.LamisD. A.FischerN. L.PattersonB.KaslowN. J. (2019). Self-criticism and depressive symptoms: Mediating role of self-compassion. Journal of Death and Dying, 80(2), 202–223. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222817729609
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
