Abstract
Introduction
Vertebral osteomyelitis (VO) is a severe condition associated with high mortality and risk of permanent neurological deficits and chronic pain. 1,2 There is an increased short- and long-term mortality in VO patients compared with the background population. 3 The overall incidence of VO in Denmark increased from 2.2/100 000 to 5.8/100 000 in the years 1995-2008. 4 The increased incidence in Denmark could be real or the results of better diagnostics (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] availability in Denmark has increased considerably the past 10-15 years) and workup.
In general, the possible reasons for the increased incidence of VO depend on a number of causes, such as: better diagnostic techniques (MRI and polymerase chain reaction), increased population longevity, more immunocompromised people and increased use of intravenous (IV) drugs and indwelling devices.
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Diagnosing VO may be challenging due to vague symptoms such as pain, fever, night sweats, anemia, loss of weight, and malaise. 9 Late diagnosis can result in general multiple organ failure and epidural abscesses. 10 On average, the diagnostic delay from onset of symptoms to diagnosis is approximately 2 to 6 months. 11 Management of VO is either medical treatment alone (conservative treatment) or a combination of medical treatment and surgery. To date, conservative treatment remains as first-line treatment of VO. 2 The indication for surgery is not entirely evidence based. 11
The empirical indications for surgery are mechanical instability, abscess formation, compression of spinal cord or cauda equina, progressive neurologic compromise, intolerable pain, or failed nonsurgical therapy. Surgical intervention is followed by antibiotic treatment equivalent to conservative therapy. 12,13
Surgery for VO is often major surgery. It is questionable if these rather frail elderly patients will fare better with surgical intervention especially as the candidates for surgery are those with the most advanced disease—bearing in mind that the mortality is high for VO.
The present study is a retrospective case cohort study from a single center, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark. The aim of the study was to evaluate the mortality outcome of surgical treatment of VO at our institution compared with patients treated conservatively. Second, to evaluate factors influencing the mortality of patient with VO by predictive modeling.
Materials and Methods
All patients with a diagnosis of VO in Region North Denmark (population 580 000), from the first of January 2004 until the first of January 2014 and treated at Aalborg University Hospital, were included in the study. The unique 10-digit personal identification number assigned to all Danish citizens at birth was used to avoid multiple registration and to track individuals over time. The Danish National Registry of Patients was searched using the aforementioned criteria and the following ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision) diagnosis codes: DM462, DM463A, DM464, DM465A, DM490, DM491, DM492, DM493. A retrospective review of the electronic patient record (Clinical Suite version 18.0.4.0) for each patient was performed. The diagnosis was confirmed by a combination of the clinical history, C-reactive protein (CRP) elevation, MRI findings, histological findings, or positive tissue cultures. Tissue diagnostics was performed in all the surgically treated cases and in the conservatively treated cases except in cases where blood cultures were positive. The time of death was retrieved form the Danish Register of Causes of Death for those who died during the follow-up period.
Exclusion criteria were unconfirmed VO diagnosis, incomplete data, or treatment not following standardized guidelines, age less than 18 years, patients with relapse, VO after lumbar spine surgery and a missing or normal CRP level at time of diagnosis (<10 mg/L). The chosen censoring date was March 9, 2017.
The study was approved by the local institutional review board and by the Danish Data Protection Agency. According to Danish law, no approval by the Medical Ethics Committee is required for observational studies.
The aforementioned search resulted in a cohort of 159 patients, and 125 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria (Figure 1). The indications for surgery was mechanical instability, epidural abscess formation, paravertebral abscess not suitable for ultrasound guided drainage, neurologic deficit, compression of spinal cord or cauda equina, intolerable pain, or failed nonsurgical therapy. Standard surgical treatment consisted of debridement followed by pulsatile lavage with 1 to 3 L of isotonic saline, circumferential fusion with posterior instrumentation, bone grafting (posterolateral and interbody), and locally instilled antibiotics. IV antibiotics followed surgery for 10 to 14 days and oral antibiotics followed IV antibiotics for a duration of 10 weeks—all in all 3 months of antibiotic therapy.
Flowchart for the 125 patients eligible for the study.
Standard conservative therapy consisted of IV antibiotics for 10 to 14 days and oral antibiotics for a duration of 10 weeks (also for a total 3 months of antibiotic therapy). A lumbar or thoracolumbar orthosis was used as part of the pain treatment in most cases.
All patients were followed for at least 2 years from the date of diagnosis or until death. No patients were lost to follow-up.
Nineteen variables were registered from the electronic patient record for the 125 patients (Table 1). The data set was complete in all cases. All 19 variables were dichotomized. Age was dichotomized with cut point of 60 years. Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) 14 with cut point 1 (at the most 1 comorbidity). Frankel grade 15 with cut point grade E (normal neurology). Karnofsky score 16 with cut point 80 (able to work). CRP level was dichotomized with cut point 30 mg/L 14 days after treatment start.
Variables, Coding, and Distribution According to Treatment.
The continuous variables are presented as mean and standard deviations (SD) and dichotomous parameters as frequencies and percentages. Continuous variables were compared using the unpaired Student’s
The statistical methods included univariate cox regression (likelihood ratio test) for all variables. Multicollinearity was investigated using the variance inflation factor (VIF; a value >4 was considered index of multicollinearity).
Because of the sparse data (large number of candidate predictors and few events) a multivariate L1 (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator–LASSO) penalized Cox regression model was used to build a predictive model for 2-year survival after diagnosis of vertebral osteomyelitis. We chose 2 years as censoring date because this is an agreed-upon follow-up time in clinical research. 17 The LASSO model automatically performs variable selection by shrinking the variables not related to outcome to zero. The LASSO method is also able to handle collinearity issues. The shrinkage penalty is weighted based on a tuning parameter λ. The optimal λ value was determined using 10-fold internal cross validation. Predicted survival profiles for specific patients were constructed from the LASSO model to illustrate the model’s functionality. The model performance was evaluated with the area under the curve (AUC) at different time points.
The statistical analyses were all conducted with R statistical software version 3.3.3 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) and the packages “survival,” “penalized,” 17 and “hdnom.”
Results
The characteristics of the 125 patients according to the type of treatment are presented in Table 1. For the variables IV drug abuse, abscess formation, and CRP normalization there was a significantly higher proportion of patients treated surgically (chi-square test). The coding of the variables is given in parentheses in Table 1. This coding was used in all subsequent survival analysis. A coding of zero and a positive regression coefficient e.g. a coding of zero for CRP normalization ≤14 days signifies that patients with CRP normalized in less than or equal to 14 days will have a lesser risk of dying in a 1- or 2-year span. The mean age between the conservatively and surgically treated patients did not differ significantly (67.24 and 67.25 years,
Overall survival for the 125 patients. Blue area indicates 95% confidence limits.
Conventional Univariate Cox Regression Analysis.
Kaplan Meier curves comparing conservative treatment and surgery. Vertical lines indicate 95% confidence intervals.
Maximum lambda1.
Path of the standardized coefficient estimates over a range of values of the LASSO constraint lambda1. The vertical gray line is the optimal value of lambda, the same value as in Figure 4.
Nonzero Coefficients From the LASSO Penalized Cox Proportional Hazard Regression.
Predicted survival profiles for patients 24 and 55.
Time-dependent AUC (area under the receiver operating characteristic [ROC] curve) for the LASSO model. Solid line indicates mean of the AUC and dashed line indicates the median of the AUC. Darker interval indicates 25% and 75% quantiles of AUC. Lighter interval indicate minimum and maximum of AUC.
Discussion
The principal finding of this retrospective cohort study stands in contrast to the general belief that surgical intervention in patients is directly associated with an increased mortality compared with those treated conservatively. 20 The fact that the mortality rate for those treated surgically does not differ significantly from the other group, is surprising. Especially when considering that the surgically managed patients had higher CCI scores, namely, they were frailer. The surgically treated also had more severe VO as most of them had epidural and/or paravertebral abscess.
A major strength of this study lies in the fact that VO treatment for an entire geographically defined population group over a 10-year period has been described and evaluated. No patients were lost to follow-up and our data set was complete. All VO patients were treated at the same medical center according to the same algorithm agreed upon by both the Department of Infectious Diseases and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery. Patient data was acquired directly from the medical records and not from the national registers except for the mortality data and initial data on diagnosis which both rely on the unique 10-digit number every person of Danish nationality receives at birth.
The number of events per variable almost equaled 1. However, the LASSO penalized Cox proportional hazards regression is the statistical method of choice under these circumstances. Penalized regression helps avoiding overfitting and allows for variable selection better than classical stepwise regression. 17 , 18 If the predictors are severely correlated penalized regression has a tendency to select at random—selecting one at random from a group of highly correlated predictors. 18 The predictors in the current study were not highly correlated—all with VIFs <1.8. We also believe that the predictors were chosen based on well-founded clinical insight so that the number of “noise predictors” were few or none. LASSO penalized regression functions best when the number of noise predictors are few. We chose not to calculate standard errors for the coefficients as these are not very meaningful for strongly biased estimators such as the LASSO penalized regression coefficients. 18
Even though the discriminatory ability of the predictive model was acceptable with an AUC between 0.70 and 0.80 one must expect the discriminatory ability to decrease when applied to new patients or patients with VO from another medical center. However, we believe that the selected variables make sense. CCI has been shown to be a strong predictor of mortality in other studies 1,21 and a CCI ≥ 2 was associated with higher mortality in a study by Loibl et al. 21 The Karnofsky score is well correlated to frailty but was only a weak predictor in this study. A modified frailty score was associated with a 30-day postoperative mortality in patients with tuberculous spondylodiscitis. 22 Thoracic VO is an infection at the level of the spinal cord which must be considered more severe than VO at the level of the cauda equina (lumbar level). The findings by Appalanaidu et al 23 corroborate our findings—thoracic and thoracolumbar infection indicated more severe disease. CRP normalization will be delayed after surgery due to the surgical trauma. But the decrease to a CRP level less than 30 mg/L also depends on the CRP level at treatment start. Loibl et al 21 has shown that a CRP ≥ 100 mg/L at admission is associated with an increased mortality in VO and our data somehow corroborates their findings as we did find that a normalization of CRP in less than or equal to 14 days was associated with decreased mortality (remember the coding in Table 1—zero coding indicating normalization in ≤14 days). The initial CRP was not recorded precisely at the start of treatment in all cases, thus it was not possible to use this in the statistical analysis as a complete data set is required. The requirement for a full data set implicates that some other predictors might have been omitted in the statistical analysis but nevertheless, we consider the 19 variables important and relevant in this context.
There is in fact a risk that given a higher number of patients we might have found a significant difference in mortality between the 2 treatments, and the nonsignificant finding of mortality difference could be a result of a type 2 error. However, even if there was to be a significant difference in mortality between the treatment groups, it would still be small, and the results of our study would still be in favor of treating more severe cases of VO with surgery even with some increase in mortality. Besides helping reduce mortality for the severely ill, other benefits of surgery are higher post-VO functional level and less pain. 2 Delaying a necessary surgical intervention is associated with an increased mortality and morbidity. 24
As has been stated in the introduction, different treatment algorithms and approaches for the management of VO exist. 2 Most studies have looked at the effect of medical or surgical treatment and only a few studies have dealt with the direct comparison of mortality between surgery and medical treatment, most likely owing to the fact that the 2 groups are not easily comparable without turning to relatively sophisticated statistical methods. Surgery is usually the secondary choice of treatment and reserved to patients with more severe symptoms or for those not responding to conservative medical treatment alone.
In the present study, vertebral body destruction was not seen significantly more often for the surgically treated patients although there was a strong tendency (
The incidence of VO in this study of 2.74/100 000 is comparable to data from the literature, which is 2.2/100 000 to 5.8/100 000. 4,25
A comparison of mortality rates between the current study and earlier studies is fraught with difficulties. The age distribution will differ as some studies include children with zero mortality. Many studies do not even report the 1- and 2-year mortality rates of the population in question.
Mortality from VO at different time has been described with some discrepancy ranging from 11% to 20% at 1 year. 3,7,26 Kehrer et al 3 reported a 1-year mortality of 20%, which seems high when compared with our study and literature in general. The characteristics of their study group was similar to ours, though, lower CCI and comorbidities were reported compared with our group. Brummerstedt et al 27 reported a 1-year mortality of 18%. Our 1-year mortality rate corresponds very well to the 1-year mortality in a large randomized controlled French trial comparing 6 and 12 weeks of antibiotic treatment in patients with VO (13%). 28 The 2 studies mentioned above included only patients treated conservatively and one cannot help wondering if surgical intervention with the well-established indications and agreed upon by the involved departments might have resulted in a decreased mortality rate.
We had no patients with VO caused by methicillin-resistant
Figure 5 can be explained by the individual characteristics of the specific patient. 17 Patient 55 was a 70-year-old woman who died 523 days after the time of diagnosis. She had cardiovascular disease as well as kidney disease (CCI coded as 1). She had thoracic infection. Karnofsky was coded as zero. CRP was normalized 8 days after the start of treatment (0). In contrast, patient 24, a woman of 51 years, had no risk factors and was alive 4634 days after the diagnosis. Patient 55 was treated without surgery and patient 24 with surgery.
Can the current study give precise indications for the choice between surgical or conservative treatment based on the 19 independent variables? This choice depends not only the mortality but also on the quality of life after the different interventions. 2,24 What this study indicates is that there is no reason for hesitation (late normalization of CRP was associated with increased mortality) in using the aforementioned indications for surgery even if the patient in question has some or even considerable comorbidities.
Conclusion
Patients undergoing surgical management for VO according to standardized and agreed-upon guidelines had no higher mortality than those allocated to conservative treatment even though the surgically treated patients had more comorbidities and more severe disease. A LASSO penalized Cox regression analysis found 5 nonzero coefficients; CCI, CRP normalization, cardiovascular disease, thoracic infection and Karnofsky score, which were associated with an increased mortality. The predictive model can be used to predict survival profiles for patients on an individual level with an acceptable certainty as the AUC for the predictive model in this study was between 0.74 and 0.77.
Footnotes
Acknowledgments
Declaration of Conflicting Interests
Funding
ORCID iD
