Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Khadim Rizvi’s open manifestation of religion helped him become one of the most popular leaders of Barelvi-Sunni Muslims in Pakistani Punjab. He emerged as the leader of a moral community during a crisis. After a series of protests and negotiated agreements with the federal and provincial governments, he was able to translate his support into electoral power. In the 2018 election, his TLP bagged 1.8 million votes (National Assembly seats) from Punjab. It was the first instance in recent political history when a newcomer religious party finished third in the province. No religious party had been able, in the last three elections (2008, 2013, 2018), to impact elections in Punjab as the TLP did in 2018.

Keywords

Religious populism politicisation Barelvi election Punjab

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Ahmed

(2018) A Brief History of The Anti-Blasphemy Laws. DAWN. October 31. Available at: https://herald.dawn.com/news/1154036 (accessed 7 April 2020).

Ali

(2017) Who is Khadim Hussain Rizvi. DAWN. December 5. Available at: https://www.dawn.com/news/1374182 (accessed 4 April 2020).

Ali-Fauzi

(2018) Nationalism and Islamic Populism in Indonesia | Heinrich Böll Foundation | Southeast Asia Regional Office. Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung. May 16. Available at: https://th.boell.org/en/2018/05/16/nationalism-and-islamic-populism-indonesia (accessed 4 April 2020).

Allama Khadim Hussain Rizvi (2018) New Tarana: Deen ko Takht Pe Lana Hai. YouTube video, 7:18. July 17. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LnjU8SJLEjE (accessed 3 April 2020).

Allama Khadim Hussain Rizvi (2019a) Siasat, Islam, Hukmran [politics, Islam, leadership]. YouTube video, 6:04. January 25. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4H5H7xtoC18.

Allama Khadim Hussain Rizvi (2019b) Peeri Mureedi, Sahibzada. YouTube video, 4:38. March 11. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sR3n97WD0Lk (accessed 5 April 2020).

Allama Khadim Hussain Rizvi (2020) Mola Ali or Amr Bin Abd Wud. YouTube video, 10:04. May 17. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pDKEnf0UAc0 (accessed 4 April 2020).

Amnesty International (2016) As Good as Dead: The Impact of the Blasphemy Laws in Pakistan. Available at: https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/585a41704.pdf (accessed 6 April 2020).

BBC (2014) Pakistan ‘blasphemy lawyer’ shot dead in Multan office. May 7. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-27319433 (accessed 4 April 2020).

10.

Chaudhry

(2018) Mobilising the Barelvi vote: Is TLP more than a one-hit wonder. DAWN. August 16. Available at: https://www.dawn.com/news/1427356 (accessed 5 April 2020).

11.

Dajjal (2018) Pir Afzal Qadri, Khadim Rizvi talking about Army, Judiciary and Imran Khan. YouTube video, 1:29. October 31. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcIp_yLYpS8 (accessed 3 April 2020).

12.

DAWN (2017) How the Islamabad protests happened. November 25. Available at: https://www.dawn.com/news/1372800 (accessed 4 April 2020).

13.

DAWN (2018) Where does the TLP go from here. January 11. Available at: https://epaper.dawn.com/DetailImage.php?StoryImage=11_11_2018_522_001 (accessed 4 April 2020).

14.

de la Torre

(2015) Introduction: Power to the people? Populism, insurrections, democratization. In: de la Torre

(ed) The Promise and Perils of Populism: Global Perspectives. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1–28.

15.

de la Torre

Arnson

(2013) Introduction: The evolution of Latin American populism and the debates over its meaning. In: de la Torre

Arnson

(eds) Latin American Populism in the Twenty-First Century. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1–35.

16.

Faruqi

(2018) Slogans and songs: The parties and times that made them. DAWN. August 20. Available at: https://herald.dawn.com/news/1398628 (accessed 7 April 2020).

17.

Frontline Club (2020) The accused: Damned or devoted. YouTube video, 55:52. February 18. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LCLZ19Eedic (accessed 3 April 2020).

18.

Geo News (2018) Aik Din Geo Ke Sath with Khadim Hussain Rizvi. YouTube video, 30:43. August 23. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CgZP5RxKTB0 (accessed 7 April 2020).

19.

Government of Pakistan (2018a) Report on General Elections 2018. Election Commission of Pakistan. Available at: https://www.ecp.gov.pk/offload/frmdynamicnotifications.html?id=17 (accessed 8 April 2020).

20.

Government of Pakistan (2018b) Party Wise Vote Bank: National Assembly. Election Commission of Pakistan. Available at: https://www.ecp.gov.pk/frmVotebank.aspx (accessed 8 April 2020).

21.

Government of Pakistan (2010) Report on General Elections 2008. Election Commission of Pakistan.

22.

Government of Pakistan (2014) Report on General Elections 2013. Election Commission of Pakistan.

23.

Hadiz

(2011) The New Islamic Populism. Global Dialogue, November 19. Available at: http://globaldialogue.isa-sociology.org/the-new-islamic-populism/ (accessed 4 April 2020).

24.

Hadiz

(2014) A New Islamic Populism and the Contradictions of Development. Journal of Contemporary Asia 44(1): 125–143.

25.

Hadiz

(2016) Islamic Populism in Indonesia and the Middle East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

26.

Hafiz

(2016) Khadim Rizvi Abusing on Dr Tahir Ul Qadri in Mosque. YouTube Video, 2:48. May 20. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DwJIzHp43Mk (accessed 4 April 2020).

27.

Hashim

(2018a) Shooter of Pakistan’s Ahsan Iqbal Linked to Tehreek-e-Labbaik. Al Jazeera. May 7. Available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/05/shooter-pakistan-ahsan-iqbal-linked-tehreek-labbiak-180507090124563.html (accessed 5 April 2020).

28.

Hashim

(2018b) Pakistan Marchers Threaten Islamabad Blockade Over Dutch Cartoons. Al Jazeera. August 30. Available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/08/pakistan-marchers-threaten-islamabad-blockade-dutch-cartoons-180830064305354.html (accessed 6 April 2020).

29.

Islamic Hadees (2018) Allama Khadim Hussain Rizvi about Ghazi Amir Abdul Rehman Cheema Shaheed. February 23. YouTube Video, 5:50. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OATr-xRdUkQ (accessed 3 April 2020).

30.

Jafri

Abbasi

(2018) TLP inflicts loss to PML-N in 13 constituencies. The News. July 30. Available at: https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/348044-tlp-inflicts-loss-to-pml-n-in-13-constituencies (accessed 3 April 2020.

31.

Jalal

(2014) The Struggle for Pakistan: A Muslims Homeland and Global Politics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

32.

Jones

(2003) The Pakistan People’s Party: Rise to Power. New York: Oxford University Press.

33.

Khan

(2011) The Assertion of Barelvi Extremism. Hudson Institute. October 19. Available at: https://www.hudson.org/research/9848-the-assertion-of-barelvi-extremism (accessed 3 April 2020).

34.

Khattak

(2018) The Fallout from The Aasia Bibi Blasphemy Verdict. The Diplomat. November 1. Available at: https://thediplomat.com/2018/11/the-fallout-from-the-aasia-bibi-blasphemy-verdict (accessed 5 April 2020).

35.

Kirdiş

Drhimeur

(2016) The Rise of Populism? Comparing Incumbent pro-Islamic Parties in Turkey and Morocco. Turkish Studies 17(4): 599–617.

36.

Labaik Ki Power (2018) Allama Farooq Ul Hassan Qadri TLP Election Campaign 2018. YouTube video, 4:18. July 10. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M5JPVHZcO7A (accessed 4 April 2020).

37.

LSF (2017) Quiad e Azam Par Sab Se Bari Tohmat? [biggest accusation on Jinnah]. YouTube video, 2:43. October 13. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M5JPVHZcO7A (accessed 6 April 2020).

38.

Masood

(2020) American accused of blasphemy is killed in Pakistan courtroom. The New York Times. July 30. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/30/world/asia/pakistan-blasphemy-killing-american.html (accessed 4 April 2020).

39.

Mudde

(2007) Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press.

40.

Müller

J-W

(2016) What Is Populism? Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

41.

Munawer

(2017) Cleric Threatens Ministers’ Families During Friday Sermon at Islamabad Sit-In. DAWN. November 11. Available at: https://www.dawn.com/news/1369712 (accessed 3 April 2020).

42.

My Videos (2018) Peer afzal qadri TLP order to murder judges who give verdict in favor of Asia Bibi. YouTube video, 2:20. October 31. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jKweByd7Y9E (accessed 7 April 2020).

43.

Nizam e Mustafa (2018) Nizam e Mustafa SAWW. YouTube video, 4:53. November 13. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cxd8FY7RN60 (accessed 6 April 2020).

44.

Norris

Inglehart

(2019) Cultural Backlash: Trump, Brexit, and Authoritarian Populism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

45.

NZ TV (2020) Bilawal Bhutto ke Chitrol [Bashing of Bilawal Bhutto]. YouTube video, 6:38. May 7. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qH6TPdLl5lM (accessed 6 April 2020).

46.

Ostiguy

(2017) Populism: A socio-political approach. In: Rovira Kaltwasser

Taggart

Ochoa Espejo

Ostiguy

(eds) The Oxford Handbook of Populism. New York: Oxford University Press, 73–101.

47.

Rizvi Media (2016) 9 November 2016 Mizare Iqbal, Complete Bayan [speech]. YouTube video, 26:03. November 10. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQhTSfF6MjU (accessed 5 April 2020).

48.

Rizvi Media (2018) Holland Or Hakoomte Pakistan Sun Le [Holland and the government must listen]. YouTube video, 4:44. August 15. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1YC5QXTr_w (accessed 4 April 2020).

49.

Roberts

(2013) Parties and populism in Latin America. In: de la Torre

Arnson

(eds) Latin American Populism in the Twenty-First Century. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 37–60.

50.

Roy

(2016) Beyond Populism: The Conservative Right, the Courts, the Churches and the Concept of a Christian Europe. In: Marzouki

McDonnell

Olivier

(eds) Saving the People: How Populists Hijack Religion. London: Hurst & Company, 185–202.

51.

Sabat

Shoaib

(2019) Candidate Voters in Pakistani Punjab: How Belief, Utility, and Strategy Work. Asian Survey 59(6): 978–1000.

52.

Sahibzada

(2019) Khadim Rizvi abusing openly PM Imran Khan, Bilawal Bhutto, Sheikh Rasheed and many other Politician. YouTube video, 5:30. October 12. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UedZG4GLRCc (accessed 6 April 2020).

53.

Shah

(2019a) Pakistan in 2018: Theft of an election. Asian Survey 59(1): 98–107.

54.

Shah

(2019b) Pakistan: Voting under military tutelage. Journal of Democracy 30(1): 128–142.

55.

SSRC (2016) Religion and Populism. The Immanent Frame. January 27. Available at: https://tif.ssrc.org/2016/09/27/religion-and-populism/.

56.

Tarakzai

(2018) All You Need to Know about TLP, Pakistan’s Hardline Islamist Party Calling the Shots. Gulf News. November 9. Available at: https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/all-you-need-to-know-about-tlp-pakistans-hardline-islamist-party-calling-the-shots-1.1541741110622 (accessed 4 April 2020)

57.

The News (2017a) Parties Ought to Resolve Matter Peacefully, COAS Tells PM. November 26. Available at: https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/248899-parties-ought-to-resolve-matter-peacefully-coas-tells-pm (accessed 5 April 2020).

58.

The News (2017b) Text of Agreement Signed with Protesters. November 27. Available at: https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/249475-religious-parties-reach-agreement-with-govt-to-end-faizabad-sit-in (accessed 5 April 2020).

59.

The News (2017c) Pasroor: Law Minister Zahid Hamid’s house attacked. November 25. Available at: https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/248735-pasroor-law-minister-zahid-hamids-house-attacked (accessed 5 April 2020).

60.

Yusuf

(2018) What is Behind the Sudden Rise of TLP. DAWN. August 5. Available at: https://www.dawn.com/news/1425085 (accessed 7 April 2020).

61.

Zafar

(2019) Student kills teacher in Bahawalpur. The Express Tribune. March 21. Available at: https://tribune.com.pk/story/1933917/student-kills-teacher-bahawalpur (accessed 5 April 2020).

62.

Zúquete

(2017) Populism and Religion. In: Rovira Kaltwasser

Taggart

Ochoa Espejo

Ostiguy

(eds) The Oxford Handbook of Populism. New York: Oxford University Press, 445–467.

Religious populism in Pakistani Punjab: How Khadim Rizvi’s Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan emerged

Abstract

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References