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Abstract

Background: eSwatini is a small population-sized sub-Sahara African country characterized by its highest human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence globally. The prevalence of HIV among pregnant women is above 40%. In the past decade, the Government of eSwatini has demonstrated a high level of commitment to virally suppress HIV spread among its population. This study explored the perceptions and experiences of HIV-positive pregnant mothers regarding the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) Option B+ program in order to discuss and address the gaps in the health system. Methods: Qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive research design was used. Data was collected through in-depth interviews and field notes. Data was gathered from all cases of HIV-positive pregnant mothers enrolled at a Public Health Unit. Results: Seventeen pregnant women aged between 18 and 40 years participated. Findings revealed that the Option B+ program was positively perceived as preventing HIV from mother-to-child. It boosts the immune system, deters opportunistic infections, and prolongs life. Knowledge and understanding of the program were displayed despite challenges such as discrimination and no support from families. Conclusion: PMTCT Option B+ intervention was found to be effective in reducing mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Gaps between women and men about HIV and antiretroviral therapy need to be addressed through target messaging and stigmatization discussions so that men are encouraged to disclose their HIV status. Improving access to antiretroviral and retention of women on treatment can further reduce vertical HIV infection transmission.

Keywords

mother-to-child transmission perceptions prevention public health unit access to care long term care medical education trust

Introduction

eSwatini (formerly Swaziland), a small population-sized sub-Sahara African country characterized by its highest human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence globally. It has 86% of its people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART) (1,2). From 2010, the Government of eSwatini has demonstrated a high level of commitment to virally suppress in HIV spread among the population. Of those living with HIV and on treatment, 94% are virally suppressed (3). eSwatini's dual testing and treatment programs of tuberculosis (TB) and HIV have been successful (4). eSwatini's life expectancy is estimated at 58 years (5).

From 2013 to 2019 prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) Option B+ program was being rolled out by M’edecins Sans Froniesres (MSF) and the eSwatini Ministry of Health. With a 40% HIV/AIDS prevalence rate among pregnant mothers, if not treated, 25% to 40% of the children born from HIV-positive pregnant mothers are not spared from infection (6). The eSwatini 2014 PMTCT statistics showed a 1% increase of HIV-infected babies born and infants aged 6 to 8 weeks (7). In 2015 deliveries were estimated at 34 571, therefore ensuring that HIV+ pregnant women receive PMTCT services was critical to reducing HIV+ women transmitting the virus to their children (6,7). It is important to note that in 2017 WHO reported that eSwatini's 10 400 pregnant women living with HIV received antiretroviral for PTMCT, 95% of pregnant women with HIV who received ART for PTMCT, 78% of infants born to women living with HIV receiving a virological test with 2 months of birth (EID), and final mother-to-child transmission rate including breastfeeding period (4,5). This was good progress toward making a generation free of HIV.

UNICEF and the eSwatini Ministry of Health have been improving the training of mentor mothers, health workers from the 11 healthcare facilities that offer maternity services to increase integrated community support for retention in care (8). By 2019, a total of 150 000 HIV-exposed children were uninfected, 1800 new HIV infections averted due to PMTCT, 10 433 pregnant women received antiretroviral (ARV) for PMTCT achieving a +95% coverage of pregnant women receiving ARV for PMTCT (3). Nevertheless, HIV is still the country's biggest public health concern as witnessed through the need of ARV for PMTCT by pregnant 9900, unavailability of data on HIV testing among pregnant women, and early infant diagnosis (3). Functional public healthcare institutions, skilled community healthcare workers, and health education are critical to the success of PMTCT Option B+ intervention, yet little is known regarding HIV+ pregnant mothers’ lifestyle and experiences. The purpose of this study was to explore, describe perceptions and experiences of HIV-positive pregnant women regarding the PMTCT, Option B+ program.

Methods

Research design: The study used qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive research design. This paradigm necessitates an understanding of social situation, event, role, or interaction and in this case of exploring and describing the perceptions of HIV+ pregnant mothers regarding PMTCT Option B. This study was conducted in a semi-urban setting, in one Public Health Unit of Manzini Region, a pilot site of the PMTCT Option B+ program in the country. The facility caters for out-patients and offers preventive services and public health programs. Services offered include provider-initiated HIV testing and counseling (PIHTC), PMTCT, ART, antenatal care (ANC), child welfare services (CWF), sexual transmission infection (STI) treatment, and laboratory services, among other services.

Sample: Twenty HIV-positive pregnant mothers who had were enrolled on the PMTCT Option B+ program at a Public Health Unit in the Manzini region of eSwatini. Thirteen were in the first trimester, 5 in the second trimester, and 2 in the last trimester, respectively. Informed consent was obtained from participants and was written in English and translated in siSwati Subjects were briefed that they were recorded during interviews and their recordings were only used for research academic purposes. Only 17 mothers consented and assented and voluntarily signed the consent form. Refusal to participate in the study had no effect in any way on healthcare services where they receive their care.

Inclusion Criteria

The selection criterion for the study was that participants had to be:

HIV-positive pregnant mothers speaking siSwati language at least between the ages of 18 and 40 years.

Enrolled in the PMTCT Option B+ program during the current pregnancy.

Attending antenatal care service in a Public Health Unit in Manzini, the study site, willing to participate voluntarily.

Exclusion

Pregnant mothers not enrolled in the PMTCT Option B+ program during the current pregnancy.

Unwilling to participate, pregnant mothers, although enrolled in the PMTCT Option B+ program.

Ethical considerations (see Ethical Approval)

Data Collection

In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted on one-to-one for a period of 1 month. Review of the interview guide was done by the Health Research Ethics Committee, nurse manager, and nurses working at the Public Health Clinic involved in providing the PMTCT Option B+ program services. A pilot study to check the validity and reliability of the interviews was done and Cronbach's α =0.78. All interviews were recorded using a tape recorder after obtaining permission from the participants. All healthcare workers at the public health care center were notified prior to the session so that nobody enters the interview room disturbing the interview progress. Considering the subject's privacy to sensitive issues, a private quiet interviewing room was labeled “INTERVIEWS IN PROGRESS DO NOT DISTURB” on the door. Each interview record was labeled with an assigned code according to the date and time the interview was conducted. The interview periods ranged between 30 and 40 min per participant. An experienced and knowledgeable research assistant was incorporated for taking field notes during the interviews.

Data Analysis

Data were analyzed using the following step-wise format. Descriptive wording for the topics was assigned as abbreviated and identifiable codes connected to data segments. These topics were actively constructed into themes derived from data sets, categorized, and coded in alphabetized format for easy interpretation. Thematic analysis is an appropriate method for seeking to understand respondents’ experiences, thoughts, and behaviors across data set that answered our research questions. The themes were: perceptions of respondents on being enrolled in the PMTCT Option B+ program, understanding about PMTCT Option B+ program and information needed with regard to PMTCT Option B+ program, perceptions with the care received from the nurses, and their assistance on PMTCT Option B+ program, Effectiveness of the PMTCT Option B+ program and Challenges of taking ARVs (see Appendix). All related data were computerized and preliminary qualitative analysis was done. This was followed by interpreting and reporting the research findings.

Results

Demographic Characteristics

The 17 pregnant mothers were aged 28.5 ± 9.5 years old. The modal age affected was 25 to 29 years old. Of the 17 participants, 4.42% were employed. Ten of the 17 participants were married. Five participants were living with their husbands, 4 with their “partners,” 7 with their partners or husbands staying elsewhere and only one did not disclose. The majority had no direct source of income however they cited getting income from their spouses, relatives, and/ or well-wishers (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

Pregnant history for participants.

Ten respondents alluded to have tested their children for HIV. Four women decided not to test their children while 3 had no children and no test history information was required from them.

Five participants indicated that they had children who were HIV positive. Three of these women had one child positive, one having 3 HIV positive children, and another woman with 4 HIV positive children.

Perceptions and experiences of HIV+ pregnant mothers with regard to PMTCT Option B+ program were summarized below.

Theme 1: Perceptions of respondents on being enrolled on the PMTCT Option B+ program.

Eleven of the participants were with new infection as they tested during this pregnancy, while the 6 came for antenatal care services with known HIV status as one tested during hospitalization, and 3 of them tested to know their status. When participants were asked about their perceptions of being enrolled on PMTCT Option B+ program they gave the following responses:

I will always look healthy without any opportunistic infection and will be able to raise my child healthy. Yes, a person taking ARVs is not seen that he or she is sick, he or she looks healthy like everybody. (Participant 1, 13, 15, 16)

It is helping me by increasing my CD4 count because I will be able to protect my unborn child from getting HIV infection. ARV's’ is like taking any ordinary tablets, just like I was taking family planning tablets or pain tablets, and I do not have stress in taking them. (Participant 8, 11, 12, 15)

Theme 2: Understanding about PMTCT Option B+ program and information needed with regard to PMTCT Option B+ program.

The participants also understood that:

CD4 count is no longer considered like before and treatment is taken even if your CD4 count is high. All pregnant mothers should start ART treatment to increase their CD4 count and reduce transmission rate of HIV to the baby while pregnant. (Participant 1, 8, 10, 12, 15, 16)

It prolongs life for the mother and prevents HIV transmission to the baby and my partner. It is important to eat balanced diet for the ART treatment to be effective and also take the medication as prescribed and at the right time. (Participant 2, 7, 17)

However, I need to know why others had to take the tablets once whilst others take them twice, and it is important to always take co-trimoxazole tablets. Also, I need to know what the effects of ART on my body are especially if I am not adhering to treatment. (Participant 3, 6, 11, 14)

Theme 3: Perceptions with the care received from the nurses and their assistance on PMTCT Option B+ program.

Participants expressed their happiness and gave the following responses when asked about their perceptions with care they receive from the nurses:

The nurses are always so caring and this is my third pregnancy in this facility, and I am satisfied. They welcomed me back even when I defaulted and told me the disadvantages of stopping taking ART. I need to be encouraged on taking the ARVs and also need knowledge on how to prevent my baby from being infected until I stop breast feeding him or her. I also need to know the side effects of long term treatment of HIV drugs. (Participant 6, 11, 13, 17)

I want to know if I have side effects like persistent rash, must I stop taking the tablets. When the ARVs finished before the due date will my body be affected and if I am far away from this clinic can I go to the nearest clinic to get the ARVs? I need them to assist me on how to disclose my status to my partner and mother. As I am taking ARVs for the first time during this pregnancy and I need nurses to continue counsel me on every visit so that I will be encouraged on taking ART. (Participant 1, 2, 5, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15)

Theme 4: Effectiveness of the PMTCT Option B+ program.

The participants’ responded that;

ARVs boost my immune, and prolong our lives, boost CD4 count and always help to stay healthier and not become ill. It prolongs life for the mother and prevents HIV transmission to the baby. I was sick at first coughing, sores and dizzy, but after taking the medication it was gone and once taken and adherence practiced, you do not become sick. It is very effective if you take the ART drugs every day at the same time, but mostly we want to start ART when we are sick and its effectiveness is compromised. (Participant 3, 7, 9, 11, 15, 17)

I do not know whether my child will be protected because I am taking ART for the first time during this pregnancy. I will know once I tested my child and find that he or she is HIV negative. (Participant 1, 8, 10, 12, 15, 16)

Theme 5: Challenges of taking ARVs.

Sixty percent of the participants reported that they did not get support from their partners as they discriminated against them mostly after starting the medication. Their partners even refused to do HIV tests with them as a couple.

I have known my status for 5 years now, but I have not disclosed my status to my parents, partner and/or husband. I am afraid he may leave me and my children. I even hide my tablets from him. My boyfriend even refuses to have sexual intercourse with me after I disclosed my status. (Participant 1, 2, 8, 11, 16)

I still had not disclosed my status to my partner even though I had known my status for five years. (Participant 9)

When I started the treatment I experienced swelling of feet, dizziness headache especially if it is about to be the hour of taking my medication, maybe it was because my body was still adjusting to the medication. The side effects of the drugs I am experiencing sometimes make me want to stop taking the medication. (Participant 3, 7, 10, 12, 13, 15, 17)

Discussion

eSwatini has swiftly moved towards mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) Option B+ intervention which encourages all HIV+ pregnant and breastfeeding mothers to instigate a life time antiretroviral therapy despite CD4+ count level. Functional public health care institutions, skilled community healthcare workers, and health education are critical to the success of PMTCT Option B+ intervention, and knowledge regarding HIV+ pregnant mothers’ perceptions and experiences is essential.

Participants perceived enrolling on the PMTCT Option B+ program, as preventing mother-to-child-transmission of HIV. Antiretroviral therapy is well-known as a life-saving intervention in HIV infection. It helps to boost the immune system, CD4 count and prevent opportunistic infections that they may develop. For successful immune restoration and preserving the structural integrity of lymphoid tissues, engaging in early ART can prevent AIDS-associated events, restricting cell subset imbalances and dysfunction. The findings were in support of World Health Organization that one of the benefits of ARV prophylaxis for PMTCT is to increase maternal life expectancy (6, 9, 10). The participants understood that Option B+ could help them live a better and a longer life enabling them to raise their children for a much longer time before they die (11). It is known that HIV can be transmitted from an HIV-infected positive woman to her child during pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding. Antiretroviral treatment and other effective PMTCT interventions can reduce the risk to below 5% (12). PMTCT Option B+ program provides antiretroviral treatment to stop their infants from acquiring the virus. Most studies that evaluated the benefits of Option B+ program focused mainly on clinical benefits through early initiation of lifelong antiretroviral therapy (10, 11). PMTCT, Option B+ requires initiation of all HIV positive pregnant and breastfeeding women onto lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART), regardless on CD4+ cell count or WHO clinical staging and for infants, a daily nevirapine (NVP) or zidovudine (AZT) from birth through the age of 4-6 weeks regardless of feeding method (13).

The HIV-positive pregnant women displayed a good knowledge and understanding of the PMTCT program. The participants stated that they took one tablet at a time, once every day, and for it to be effective they do not mix with some traditional herbs. Many herbs and supplements contain undeclared pharmaceutical drugs, heavy metals, and other contaminants, and practices such as mixing low doses of ARV drugs into herbal remedies would harm patients by leading to the development of viral resistance (14). Participants displayed good understanding of the fact that life-long ART is initiated immediately regardless of CD4 count and patients should start ART immediately when they are diagnosed with HIV. Once one started taking the ARVs one was expected to continue for the rest of your life. Our findings indicated that the nurse-midwives in the facility provided both verbal and written health information to the HIV-positive pregnant mothers. The information included; attending all clinical appointments, adherence to treatment for Option B+, retention improvement strategies, infant post-natal follow up, ART side effects and what to do if their medication runs out before the due date. Findings showed that good nutrition has a greater impact at the early stages of HIV, strengthening the immune system to fight opportunistic infections (OIs) and delaying the progression of the disease. Similar findings were observed that good nutrition can play an important role in the care and management of HIV (15). However, challenges were noted on those HIV-positive pregnant mothers with an unstable source of income and who cannot afford a proper diet.

Although the participants experienced good nurse-patient care at the public health care facility, disclosure of their HIV-positive status to their husbands and families was one of the main challenges. HIV disclosure status was significantly predicted in many low- and middle-income countries (16,17,18). Our findings show that some of their partners if they know their HIV+ status they even leave them. This might be related to the stigma associated with HIV, fear of negative consequences from their friends, partners, and perception to preserve family stability (19,20). Some women indicated that they needed assistance on the side effects of the ART drugs and what they can do if they run out of their medication before the due date. HIV-positive women needed proper counseling on the advantages of adherence to the drugs and disclosure during drug provision. This was supported by findings in the study about the level of adherence and predictors of adherence to the Option B+ PMTCT program in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia (21). The healthcare workers provided education and counseling regarding ART side effects. Further explanation was given regarding on some instances where immune restoration may be erratic causing acute inflammatory responses mostly during ART initiation. The immune reconstruction inflammatory syndrome and /or incomplete with residual inflammation despite being on antiretroviral therapy may lead to non-infectious morbidity and mortality despite that the mortality rate is slim compared to HIV+ infected people not on ART.

eSwatini healthcare professionals and UNICEF have recognized that persistent HIV-related stigma is a huge obstacle to more effective HIV responses under Option B+ program. Fear of disclosure, one consequence of HIV-related stigma is common among all people living with HIV, including pregnant women (19). Healthcare clinical and community workers in along with UNICEF to close the gaps between women and men are reducing stigma by directing addressing social, cultural, and legal contexts that perpetuate HIV-related stigma. To reduce the gaps between gender HIV-related stigma healthcare workers at pilot sites had to consider for individual and couple counseling appointments before and after initiating ART and educate men about HIV and ART.

Pregnant women believed that the PMTCT Option B+ program was very effective as it prolonged life span especially for those who adhere to treatment and take ART drugs every day and at the same time. Others added that the intervention was very effective as it protects the baby from being infected during pregnancy, delivery, and breastfeeding. The outcomes of having an HIV-negative baby can motivate HIV-positive pregnant women to adhere to the treatment and accept the program. This was in contrast with a previous study about perceptions of pregnant women on the PMTCT of HIV program at the antenatal care unit and maternity ward at the Jordan Heynes community (22). Under Option B+ intervention, all the HIV-infected pregnant mothers have an advantage of ART simplification, protection against MTCT in future pregnancies, continual prevention against sexual transmission to serodiscordant partners (20). Indeed, avoiding “stop-start-stop” increases longevity among HIV-infected populations (23).

Limitations

This study has a number of limitations. The study was conducted on a single Public Health Unit and findings were generalized to represent the region. The eligibility criteria were only was only HIV+ pregnant mothers who initiated ART during pregnancy, thereby ignoring those who initiated ART prior to pregnancy. Sampled women were living in semi-urban settings who may not reflect experiences of HIV+ pregnant mothers from most of the country rural settings.

Strengths

Few studies have explored the experiences of HIV+ pregnant mothers on PMTCT Option B+ intervention; hence it gives critical insights among this group. HIV-positive pregnant women’s concerns should be addressed especially the side effects of ART drugs. Gaps in psychological care and support were identified. Rampant HIV tests among men and women need to be done in both urban and rural areas. To our knowledge, this study is the first to explore patient experiences on Option B+.

Conclusion

PMTCT Option B+ program was well received by pregnant women. The eSwatini Ministry of Health had trained all health care workers about the program so that it will be effective. However, the study demonstrated that there are some challenges that HIV-positive pregnant women encountered that may affect the uptake and adherence to ART treatment and may result in failure of the program. Gaps between women and men about HIV and ART need to be addressed through target messaging and stigmatization discussions so that men are encouraged to disclose their HIV status. On-going counseling and support for HIV-positive pregnant mothers encourage adherence and HIV-negative babies will be born.

Footnotes

Informed Consent

Written informed consent and permission to publish gathered was given by participants.

Ethical Approval

Permission and approval was granted by the Eswatini Ministry of Health Research Ethics Committee (reference no. MH/599C/FWA00015267/IRB009688).

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research,authorship and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The authors received no financial support for the research,authorship,and/or publication of this article.

ORCID iD

Adiele Dube

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