The study investigates the effects of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) forces, nonlinear thermal radiation, and variable thermophysical properties on natural convection within a square enclosure containing an inner corrugated circular cylinder. Understanding these effects is crucial for optimizing thermal management in engineering applications such as electronic cooling and energy storage. A numerical simulation using the finite element method is performed, considering CuO-water nanofluid diffusion within a porous medium. The results reveal that increasing the Rayleigh number (Ra) enhances the average Nusselt number (Nuavg) by approximately 32%, while a higher Hartmann number (Ha) suppresses convection, reducing Nuavg by nearly 17%. The addition of CuO nanoparticles (ϕ = 9%) leads to a 47% decrease in heat transfer performance under strong buoyancy forces, illustrating the complex interaction between nanoparticle concentration and convection. However, introducing a porous medium significantly reduces the heat transfer rate, showing a clear inverse relationship between the Darcy number (Da) and Nuavg. These findings provide valuable insights into optimizing heat transfer in MHD-driven porous media systems, aiding in the design of efficient thermal management strategies.
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