The growing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) necessitates the development of efficient and cost-effective charging infrastructure, particularly in multi-unit residential buildings. This study presents a techno-economic analysis of different EV charging installation schemes in Spain, focusing on the impact of load management systems (LMSs). The analysis evaluates the feasibility of collective and individual metering schemes, comparing their technical and economic implications. Results indicate that LMS significantly reduces peak power demand, lowers infrastructure costs, and optimizes electricity bills by distributing energy consumption more effectively. Additionally, regulatory considerations, installation challenges, and consumer adoption factors are examined to propose best practices for scalable and sustainable EV charging integration. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, urban planners, and building administrators seeking to facilitate EV adoption while minimizing economic and technical barriers.
AbdullahHMGastliABen-BrahimL, et al. (2022) Planning and optimizing electric-vehicle charging infrastructure through system dynamics. IEEE Access10: 17495–17514.
2.
AlonsoAMonzónAAguiarIRamírez-SaizA (2023) Explanatory factors of daily mobility patterns in suburban areas: Applications and taxonomy of two metropolitan corridors in Madrid region. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information12(1): 16.
3.
BeharDL (2017) Installation of charging infrastructure for electric vehicles in multi-unit residential buildings in British Columbia. Master’s Thesis, University of British Columbia. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.14288/1.0361163
4.
CidBGarcía-ÁlvarezMT (2025) Barriers and policy solutions for electric vehicle adoption in Spain: A multidimensional analysis. European Journal of Government and Economics14(1): 118–146.
5.
Colmenar-SantosAPalacioCDBorge-DiezD, et al. (2014) Planning minimum interurban fast charging infrastructure for electric vehicles: Methodology and application to Spain. Energies7(3): 1207–1229.
6.
ConteACarabiasVKienastP, et al. (2025) Positive energy district evolution: A test case for Winterthur’s hard community. Journal of Smart Cities and Society4(3): 152–165.
7.
de EspañaG (2020) Plan nacional integrado de energía y clima (PNIEC) 2021–2030. Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico.
8.
ECODES (2021) Plan de despliegue de puntos de recarga eléctrica en españa.
9.
El Consejo y Consejo de la Unión Europea (n.d) Objetivo 55.
10.
Guasch AlbaredaJYounisMRRodillaP, et al. (2025) Analysing the electric vehicle charging behaviour in Spain: Patterns and insights. Electric Power Systems Research247: 111853.
11.
JunqueraBMorenoBÁlvarezR (2016) Analyzing consumer attitudes towards electric vehicle purchasing intentions in Spain: Technological limitations and vehicle confidence. Technological Forecasting and Social Change109: 6–14.
12.
KumarPChanniHKKumarR, et al. (2025) A comprehensive review of vehicle-to-grid integration in electric vehicles: Powering the future. Energy Conversion and Management: X25: 100864.
13.
La Asociación Española de Fabricantes de Automóviles y Camiones (ANFAC) (2024) Barómetro de la electromovilidad.
14.
La Comisión Nacional de los Mercados y la Competencia (2023) Resolución de 21 de diciembre de 2023, de la comisión nacional de los mercados y la competencia, por la que se establecen los valores de los peajes de acceso a las redes de transporte y distribución de electricidad de aplicación a partir del 1 de enero de 2024. Boletín Oficial del Estado, BOE-A-2023-26251.
15.
Lopez-BeharDTranMFroeseT, et al. (2019) Charging infrastructure for electric vehicles in multi-unit residential buildings: Mapping feedbacks and policy recommendations. Energy Policy126: 444–451.
16.
Ministry of Industry and Tourism (2014) Instalaciones con fines especiales. infraestructura para la recarga de vehículos eléctricos [Instructional technical complementary (ITC) bt 52]. Boletín Oficial del Estado.
17.
NoelLde RubensGZSovacoolBK, et al. (2019) Fear and loathing of electric vehicles: The reactionary rhetoric of range anxiety. Energy Research & Social Science48: 96–107.
18.
ÖzercanYE (2025) Spain’s EV charging regulatory framework: Implications for infrastructure deployment and operation. Technical report, TechRxiv Preprint. 10.36227/techrxiv.174909595.54094682. Preprint deposited May 2025, authored by Yusuf Ercan Özercan, Universidad San Pablo-CEU.
19.
Pardo-BoschFPujadasPMortonC, et al. (2021) Sustainable deployment of an electric vehicle public charging infrastructure network from a city business model perspective. Sustainable Cities and Society71: 102957.
20.
RamsebnerJHieslAHaasR (2020) Efficient load management for BEV charging infrastructure in multi-apartment buildings. Energies13(22): 1–15.
21.
RamsebnerJHieslAHaasR, et al. (2022) Smart charging infrastructure for battery electric vehicles in multi-apartment buildings. Smart Energy9: 100093.
22.
RasheedMBJavaidNAhmadA, et al. (2015) An efficient power scheduling scheme for residential load management in smart homes. Applied Sciences5(4): 1134–1163.
SaldariniAMiraftabzadehSMBrennaM, et al. (2023) Strategic approach for electric vehicle charging infrastructure for efficient mobility along highways: A real case study in Spain. Vehicles5(3): 761–779.
25.
SinghARVishnuramPAlagarsamyS, et al. (2024) Electric vehicle charging technologies, infrastructure expansion, grid integration strategies, and their role in promoting sustainable e-mobility. Alexandria Engineering Journal105: 300–330.
von BoninMDörreEAl-KhzouzHBraunMZhouX (2022) Impact of dynamic electricity tariff and home pv system incentives on electric vehicle charging behavior: Study on potential grid implications and economic effects for households. Energies15(3): 1079.
28.
ZhouKChengLLuX, et al. (2020) Scheduling model of electric vehicles charging considering inconvenience and dynamic electricity prices. Applied Energy276: 115455.
