Sonography can be an effective method of evaluating silicone breast implants for intracapsular or extracapsular rupture, and the characteristic findings in cases of extracapsular and intracapsular extravasation of silicone are discussed. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be slightly more effective than sonography, however, for detecting implant rupture, particularly small intracapsular ruptures.
1. Cronin TD, Gerow F. Augmentation mammoplasty: a nexx "natural feel" prosthesis, in Smith TJ (ed). Transactions of the Third International Congress of Plastic Surgeons. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1964;41-49.
2.
2. Kessler DA. The basis of the FDA's decision on breast implants. N Engl J Med1992;326:1649-1653.
3.
3. Schrudde J, Petrovici V, Schuwerack O. Late complications in breast construction with silicone implants (in German). Z Plast Chir1979;3:207-215.
4.
4. Vrebos J. Breast prosthetic implants: apropos of a case of rupture of a breast prosthesis prefilled with silicone gel after closed capsulotomy (squeezing) (in French). Ann Chir Plast Esthet1979;24:195-200.
5.
5. Houston HE. Mammary augmentation in a community hospital by a general surgeon: results and treatment of encapsulation. Am Surg1978;44:599-601.
6.
6. Baker JL Jr., Bartels RJ, Douglas WM. Closed compression technique for rupturing a contracted capsule around a breast implant. Plast Reconstr Surg1976;58:137-141.
7.
7. Savrin RA, Martin EW Jr., Ruberg RL. Mass lesion of the breast after augmentation mammoplasty. Arch Surg1979; 114: 1423-1424.
8.
8. Masson CL, Dessapt B, Rochet M. Migration of silicone gel after rupture of a breast prosthesis during an external capsulotomy (in French). Ann Chir Plast Esthet1982;27:369-373.
9.
9. Huang TT, Blackwell SJ, Lewis SR. Migration of silicone gel after the "squeeze technique" to rupture a contracted breast capsule: case report. Plast Reconstr Surg1978;61:277-280.
10.
10. Williams CW. Silicone gel granuloma following compressive mammography. Aesthetic Plast Surg1991;15:49-51.
11.
11. Bassett LW, Brenner RJ. Considerations when imaging women with breast implants. AJR AmJ Roentgenol1992; 159: 979-981.
12.
12. Hansen BJ, Basse P. Rupture of mammary silicone prosthesis after rape attempt. Acta Chir Plast1989;31:148-149.
13.
13. Dellon AL, Cowley RA, Hoopes JE. Blunt chest trauma: evaluation of the augmented breast. J Trauma1980;20:982-985.
14.
14. Springer HA. Bilateral accidental rupture of the fibrous capsules surrounding mammary prosthesis: case report. Plast Reconstr Surg1976;58:230-231.
15.
15. Berg WA, Caskey CI, Hamper UM, et al. Diagnosing breast implant rupture with MR imaging, US, and mammography. Radiographics1993; 13:1323-1336.
16.
16. Rosculet KA, Ikeda DM, Forrest ME, et al. Ruptured gelfilled silicone breast implants: sonographic findings in 19 cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol1992; 159:711-716.
17.
17. Wolf LE, Lappe M, Peterson RD, et al. Human immune response to polydimethylsiloxane (silicone): screening studies in a breast implant population. FASEB J1993;7:1265-1268.
18.
18. Rohrich RJ, Clark CP III. Controversy over the silicone gel breast implant: current status and clinical implications. Tex Med1993;89:52-58.
19.
19. Silver RM, Sahn EE, Allen JA, et al. Demonstration of silicon in sites of connective-tissue disease in patients with silicone-gel breast implants [see comments]. Arch Dermatol1993; 129:63-68.
20.
20. Press RI, Peebles CL, Kumagai Y, et al. Antinuclear autoantibodies in women with silicone breast implants. Lancet1992;340: 1304-1307.
21.
21. Teuber SS, Gershwin ME. Autoantibodies and clinical rheumatic complaints in two children of women with silicone gel breast implants. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol1994;103:105-108.
22.
22. Levine JT, Ilowite NT. Sclerodermalike esophageal disease in children breast-fed by mothers with silicone breast implants. JAMA1994;271:213-216.
23.
23. DeBruhl ND, Gorczyca DP, Ahn CY, et al. Silicone breast implants: US evaluation. Radiology1993;189:95-98.
24.
24. Venta LA, Salomon CG, Flisak ME, et al. Sonographic signs of breast implant rupture. Radiology1993;189(P): 154-154.
25.
25. Herzog PM, Exner K, Holtermueller KH, et al. Detection with US of implant rupture and silicomas. Radiology1993; 189(P): 155-155.
26.
26. McNamara MP, Blum AH, Rzeszotarski MS, et al. Sonographic evaluation of prosthetic breast implants for rupture. Radiology1993;189(P):244-244.
27.
27. Chilcote WA, Dowden RV, Paushter DM, et al. Detection with US of silicone gel breast implant leaks: a prospective analysis. Radiology1994;189(P): 155-155.
28.
28. Gorczyca DP, Sinha S, Ahn CY, et al. Silicone breast implants in vivo: MR imaging [see comments]. Radiology1992; 185:407-410.
29.
29. Harris KM, Ganott MA, Shestak KC, et al. Silicone implant rupture: detection with US. Radiology1993;187:761-768.
30.
30. Caskey CI, Berg WA, Anderson ND, et al. Breast implant rupture: diagnosis with US. Radiology1994; 190:819-823.
31.
31. Everson LI, Parantainen H, Stillman AE, et al. Detection of silicone implant complications by using MR imaging. Radiology1993;189(P):301-301.
32.
32. Steinbach BG, Hardt NS, Abbitt PL, et al. Breast implants, common complications, and concurrent breast disease. Radiographics1993;13:95-118.
33.
33. Petro JA, Klein SA, Niazi Z, et al. Evaluation of ultrasound as a tool in the follow-up of patients with breast implants: a preliminary, prospective study. Ann Plast Surg1994;32:580-587.