Smart materials obtain their unique properties by the deliberate introduction of multi-functionality. This can enable the material, or the structure fromwhich it is made, to diagnose its condition or environment, change shape, self-repair, or other functions as developing technology allows. It is argued that any of these functions are only viable if both the costs and benefits are considered on a system-wide basis. Some of the particular requirements and challenges for a number of example applications are considered and some general requirements suggested. It is concluded that such system-wide approach to optimization is a challenge for both designers and for those developing smart materials but it is necessary if the full advantages of smart materials are to be realized.
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