Death rates from AIDS-related events in HIV-positive individuals have declined in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). It has also been shown that deaths from non-AIDS events have declined in this cohort since the advent of HAART. We review these data, as well as discussing some of the possible effects HAART might have on non-AIDS diagnoses and deaths in HIV-positive individuals with successfully treated HIV.
MocroftA, LedergerberB, KatlamaC, EuroSIDA study group. Decline in the AIDS and death rates in the EuroSIDA study: an observational study. Lancet2003;362:22–9
2.
PhillipsAN, NeatonJD, LundgrenJD. The role of HIV in serious diseases other than AIDS. AIDSin press
3.
LimSG, CondezA, LeeCA, JohnsonMA, EliaC, PoulterLW. Loss of mucosal CD4 lymphocytes is an early feature of HIV infection. Clin Exp Immunol1993;92:448–54
4.
SchneiderT, JahnHU, SchmidtW, RieckenEO, ZeitzM, UllrichRBerlin Diarrhea/Wasting Syndrome Study Group. Loss of CD4 T lymphocytes in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is more pronounced in the duodenal mucosa than in the peripheral blood. Gut1995;37:524–9
5.
GuadalupeM, ReayE, SankaranS, Severe CD4+ T-cell depletion in gut lymphoid tissue during primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and substantial delay in restoration following highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Virol2003;77:11708–17
6.
MehandruS, PolesMA, Tenner-RaczK, Primary HIV-1 infection is associated with preferential depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes from effector sites in the gastrointestinal tract. J Exp Med2004;200:761–70
7.
BrenchleyJM, SchackerTW, RuffLE, CD4+ T cell depletion during all stages HIV disease occurs predominantly in the gastrointestinal tract. J Exp Med2004;200:749–59
8.
PaiardiniM, FrankI, PandreaI, ApetriC, SilvestriG. Mucosal immune dysfunction in AIDS pathogenesis. AIDS Rev2008;10:36–46
9.
SzczechLA, HooverDR, FeldmanJG. Association between renal disease and outcomes among HIV-infected women receiving or not receiving antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis2004;39:1199–206
10.
RiddlerSA, SmitE, ColeSR, Impact of HIV infection and HAART on serum lipids in men. JAMA2003;289:2978–82
11.
LauB, SharrettAR, KingsleySA, C-reactive protein is a marker for human immunodeficiency virus disease progression. Arch Intern Med2006;166:64–70
12.
De GaetanoDK, RabagliatiR, LacovielloL, CaudaR. HIV infection, HAART, and endothelial adhesion molecules: current perspectives. Lancet Infect Dis2004;4:213–22
13.
SabinC, WormS, WeberR, Do thymidine analogues, abacavir, didanosine and lamivudine contribute to the risk of myocardial infarction? The D:A:D study. Fifteenth Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Boston, 2008, (abstract 957c)
14.
BakerJ, PengG, RapkinD, HIV-related immune suppression after ART predicts risk of non-opportunistic diseases: results from the FIRST study. Fourteenth Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Los Angeles, 2007 (abstract 37)
15.
WeberR, Friis-MøllerN, SabinC, HIV and non-HIV related deaths and their relationship to immunodeficiency – The DAD study. CROI, 2005, Poster no. 595
16.
CASCADE Collaboration. Effective therapy has altered the spectrum of cause-specific mortality following HIV seroconversion. AIDS2006;20:741–9
17.
El-SadrWM, LundgrenJD, NeatonJD, Strategies for Management of Antiretroviral Therapy (SMART) Study GroupCD4+ count-guided interruption of antiretroviral treatment. N Engl J Med2006;355:2283–96
18.
EmeryS, NeuhausJA, PhillipsAN, Major clinical outcomes in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive participants and in those not receiving ART at baseline in the SMART study. J Infect Dis2008;197:1133–44
19.
GazzardB, AndersonJ, BabikerA, BHIVA Guidelines on the treatment of HIV-infected adults with antiretroviral therapy. HIV Medicine2008;9:563–608
20.
Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents, Guideline for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. Department of Health and Human Services. November 3, 2008; 1–139. Available at http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentFiles/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf
